የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ባዮሎጂ ምዕራፍ 4፦ ዝግመተ ለውጥ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
161–235
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Evolution: definition, theories and evidence
  2. 2.Natural selection: definition, types and examples
  3. 3.Human evolution
  4. 4.Mutation, genetic drift and gene flow
  5. 5.Causes of species extinction
  6. 6.Renowned anthropologists in Ethiopia
  7. 7.Renowned evolutionists in Ethiopia

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የዝርያ መፈጠር ዓይነትዋነኛ የመለያያ ሁኔታየመልክዓምድር ሁኔታ
Allopatric speciationአካላዊ geographic barrier የ populations ስብስቦችን ይለያያልGeographically isolated የሆነ
Sympatric speciationበተመሳሳይ habitat ውስጥ reproductive barrier ይፈጠራልGeographically overlapping የሆነ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አዳዲስ ዝርያዎች በመልክዓምድራዊ መለያየት ምክንያት ወይም በአንድ አካባቢ መፈጠራቸውን ለመወሰን ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ሲምፓትሪክ ዝርያ ምስረታ አካላዊ የመልክዓምድር እንቅፋት አያስፈልገውም። የሚከሰተው በአንድ ቦታ ውስጥ በሚፈጠር የመራቢያ መለያየት ነው።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 161-235 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ከፅንሰት በኋላ ያሉ የዝግመተ ለውጥ የመራቢያ ውጤቶችን በሚለዩበት ጊዜ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

በ hybrid inviability ወቅት ፅንሱ ሳይደርስ ይሞታል፤ በ hybrid sterility ወቅት ግን ፍጥረቱ አድጎ ሙሉ አካል ይሆናል ነገር ግን እንደ በቅሎ የመራባት አቅም አይኖረውም።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 161-235 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የዝግመተ ለውጥ ቅርጽየዘር አመጣጥየተገኙ ባሕርያት
Divergent evolutionየጋራ ancestorHomologous traits ይበልጥ የተለያዩ እየሆኑ ይመጣሉ
Convergent evolutionየተለያየ ancestryተመሳሳይ በሆኑ አካባቢዎች ምክንያት Analogous traits ይዳብራሉ
Parallel evolutionተዛማጅ ancestryተመሳሳይ በሆኑ niches ውስጥ ተመሳሳይ traits ራሳቸውን ችለው ይዳብራሉ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በህያዋን ፍጥረታት ውስጥ ያሉ ተመሳሳይ ባሕርያት ከአንድ የጋራ ዘር ወይም ከተመሳሳይ የተፈጥሮ ጫና መምጣታቸውን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Convergent evolution በዘር በማይዛመዱ ዝርያዎች ውስጥ analogous የሆኑ ቅርጾችን ይፈጥራል እንጂ homologous አይደለም።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 161-235 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

እንቅፋትምድብአሠራር
Habitat isolationPrezygoticየተለያዩ ecological niches ውስጥ መኖር matingን ይከለክላል
Temporal isolationPrezygoticበተለያዩ ጊዜያት ወይም ወቅቶች መራባት
Behavioral isolationPrezygoticየተለያዩ የcourtship ጥሪዎች ወይም mating rituals
Mechanical isolationPrezygoticየreproductive organs መዋቅራዊ አለመጣጣም
Gametic isolationPrezygoticSperm እና egg በኬሚካል አለመጣጣም
Hybrid inviabilityPostzygoticZygote ማደግ ተስኖት በembryo ደረጃ ይሞታል
Hybrid sterilityPostzygoticOffspring እስከ አዋቂነት ያድጋል ነገር ግን infertile ነው
Hybrid breakdownPostzygoticየመጀመሪያው ትውልድ fertile ቢሆንም ተከታይ ትውልዶች ደካማ ናቸው

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ከፅንሰት በፊት ወይም በኋላ በተለያዩ ዝርያዎች መካከል መዳቀልን የሚከለክሉ እንቅፋቶችን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Prezygotic እንቅፋቶች ፅንሰት እንዳይፈጠር ያቆማሉ። Postzygotic እንቅፋቶች የሚሰሩት የድቅል ፅንስ ከተፈጠረ በኋላ ብቻ ነው።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 161-235 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምርጫ ዓይነትበፊኖታይፕ ላይ ያለው ተፅዕኖበህዝቡ ላይ ያለው ውጤት
Stabilizing selectionintermediate phenotypes ይደግፋልበ mean ዙሪያ ያለውን variation ይቀንሳል
Directional selectionአንዱን extreme phenotype ይደግፋልየ mean character ዋጋን ወደ አንድ አቅጣጫ ያዛውራል
Disruptive selectionሁለቱንም extreme phenotypes ይደግፋልpopulationን ወደ ሁለት ግልጽ peaks ይከፍላል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የተፈጥሮ ጫናዎች በአንድ ህዝብ ውስጥ የፊኖታይፕ ስርጭትን እንዴት እንደሚቀይሩ ለመተንተን ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Disruptive selection አማካይ ፊኖታይፕን ያስወግዳል እንጂ ጽንፈኛ የሆኑትን አይደለም።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 161-235 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

In Francesco Redi's experiment, what did the open jar contain after some days?

  1. A.Nothing at all
  2. B.Maggots
  3. C.Fish
  4. D.Mice
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Maggots

ምክንያቱ

Redi left one jar open and covered the others. Days later the open jar contained maggots, while the covered jars did not. This helped to disprove spontaneous generation.

ጥያቄ 2

Which of the following best defines evolution?

  1. A.A change in the body size of one individual during its lifetime
  2. B.The movement of people from one town to another
  3. C.A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations
  4. D.The death of every member of a species
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations

ምክንያቱ

The textbook defines evolution as a change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations. The key idea is the population and the generations, not one individual.

ጥያቄ 3

In which year did Lamarck propose the theory of inheritance of acquired characters?

  1. A.1809
  2. B.1668
  3. C.1748
  4. D.1924
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 1809

ምክንያቱ

The textbook says Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters in 1809. The other years belong to other events in the chapter: Redi's experiment (1668), Needham's report (1748) and Oparin's first ideas (1924).

ጥያቄ 4

About how far off the coast of Ecuador are the Galapagos Islands?

  1. A.60 miles
  2. B.120 miles
  3. C.1,200 miles
  4. D.600 miles
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D 600 miles

ምክንያቱ

The textbook states that the Galapagos Islands are about 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador in South America.

ጥያቄ 5

Which pair of structures is an example of homologous structures?

  1. A.The wing of a bird and the wing of a mosquito
  2. B.The forelimb of a human and the flipper of a whale
  3. C.The wing of a bat and the wing of a bird
  4. D.The wing of a bat and the wing of a mosquito
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B The forelimb of a human and the flipper of a whale

ምክንያቱ

Homologous structures are similar in structure but do different jobs. The forelimbs of humans, whales, cats and bats have the same basic bone pattern, even though they are used in different ways. The three other pairs are wings, which do the same job but have very different structures, so they are analogous.

ጥያቄ 6

Which statement best explains why the wings of a bird and the wings of a mosquito cannot show that the two animals share a common ancestor?

  1. A.They have the same function but very different structures, so they evolved separately.
  2. B.They are both covered with feathers.
  3. C.They have the same bones arranged in the same way.
  4. D.They are both found in the same fossil layer.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A They have the same function but very different structures, so they evolved separately.

ምክንያቱ

These are analogous structures. They do the same job, but their anatomy is very different. The bird wing has bones inside and feathers, while the mosquito wing has neither. Because they are so different, they evolved separately and do not show a shared ancestor.

ጥያቄ 7

According to the chapter, how often do resistance mutations usually occur in bacteria?

  1. A.In every bacterium
  2. B.In about 1 in 10 bacteria
  3. C.In less than 1 in a million bacteria
  4. D.In exactly half of all bacteria
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C In less than 1 in a million bacteria

ምክንያቱ

The textbook says that acquiring resistance is a very rare event. Resistance mutations usually occur in less than 1 in a million bacteria. Once a resistant bacterium exists, it can survive antibiotics and reproduce while its non-resistant neighbours are killed.

ጥያቄ 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the three postulates of Neo-Darwinism?

  1. A.Genetic variability
  2. B.Natural selection
  3. C.Reproductive isolation
  4. D.Inheritance of acquired characters
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D Inheritance of acquired characters

ምክንያቱ

The three postulates of Neo-Darwinism are genetic variability, natural selection and reproductive isolation. Inheritance of acquired characters is part of Lamarck's theory, not Neo-Darwinism.

ጥያቄ 9

Why are mules infertile?

  1. A.The chromosomes of the mule are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells.
  2. B.Mules cannot grow or develop at all.
  3. C.Mules have no chromosomes.
  4. D.Horses and donkeys never mate with each other.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A The chromosomes of the mule are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells.

ምክንያቱ

A mule is a hybrid of a female horse and a male donkey. A horse's egg has one more chromosome than a donkey's sperm cell. The mule can grow and develop, but its chromosomes are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells and it cannot produce sex cells.

ጥያቄ 10

How does polyploidy help a plant hybrid that is infertile?

  1. A.It removes extra chromosomes from the hybrid's cells.
  2. B.It stops all sexual reproduction in the hybrid.
  3. C.It doubles the chromosome number, so the chromosomes can form homologous pairs in meiosis and the hybrid becomes fertile.
  4. D.It makes the hybrid exactly the same as its parent species.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C It doubles the chromosome number, so the chromosomes can form homologous pairs in meiosis and the hybrid becomes fertile.

ምክንያቱ

Many hybrids cannot form homologous pairs during meiosis, so they cannot make sex cells. If the chromosome number doubles, all chromosomes can pair up. Meiosis and sex-cell formation can then take place, and the hybrid is fertile. This is why polyploidy has been important in plant evolution.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 11 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 161 እስከ ገጽ 235 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 358 ገጾች

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