Bu'aan kutaa 12ffaa ba'eera; bu'aa kee eessatti akka ilaaltu

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Baayoloojii kutaa 12: Evolution

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Baayoloojii kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

Google Play irraa buufadhaa
5
Kaardii
10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4
161–235
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

  1. 1.Evolution: definition, theories and evidence
  2. 2.Natural selection: definition, types and examples
  3. 3.Human evolution
  4. 4.Mutation, genetic drift and gene flow
  5. 5.Causes of species extinction
  6. 6.Renowned anthropologists in Ethiopia
  7. 7.Renowned evolutionists in Ethiopia

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Baayoloojii kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Gosa SpeesheeshiiniiTaatee Addaan Baasaa JalqabaaHaala Teessuma Lafaa
Allopatric speciationPhysical geographic barrier populations addaan baasaGeographically isolated kan ta'e
Sympatric speciationReproductive barrier habitat walfakkaataa keessatti uumamaGeographically overlapping kan ta'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Speesheeshiin haaraan sababa addaan ba'insa lafaatiin yookiin naannoo tokko keessatti uumamuu isaa baruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Speesheeshiiniin simpaatiriki cufaa teessuma lafaa hin barbaadu. Bakka tokko keessatti cufaa wal-hormaataatiin uumama.

Grade 12 Biology, fuula 161-235 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gaaffilee baayoloojii tirannaa keessatti bu'aawwan cufaa wal-hormaata boodaa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Hybrid inviability keessatti miciraan osoo hin guddatin du'a, hybrid sterility keessatti garuu uumamichi ga'eessa ta'us akka gaangoo dhaluu hin danda'u.

Grade 12 Biology, fuula 161-235 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Akkaataa TirannaaDhaloota DuriiAmaloota Argaman
Divergent evolutionCommon ancestorHomologous traits caalaatti garaagarummaa qabaachaa deemu
Convergent evolutionAncestry adda addaaSababa naannoo walfakkaatuutiin Analogous traits guddatu
Parallel evolutionAncestry walitti dhihaatuNiches walfakkaatan keessatti traits walfakkaatan of danda'anii guddatu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Amaloonni walfakkaatan sanyii tokko irraa moo dhiibbaa naannoo walfakkaatu irraa akka dhufan adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Tirannaan convergent caasaalee analogous ta'an uuma malee caasaalee homologous dhaloota durii tokko irraa dhufan miti.

Grade 12 Biology, fuula 161-235 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

CufaaRamaddiiMakaanizimii
Habitat isolationPrezygoticEcological niches garaagaraa keessa jiraachuun mating ittisa
Temporal isolationPrezygoticYeroo yookiin waqtiiwwan garaagaraa keessatti wal horuu
Behavioral isolationPrezygoticWaamicha courtship addaa yookiin mating rituals
Mechanical isolationPrezygoticWal simuu dhabuu caasaa reproductive organs
Gametic isolationPrezygoticSperm fi egg keemikaalaan wal simuu dhabuu
Hybrid inviabilityPostzygoticZygote guddachuu dadhabee sadarkaa embryo irratti du'a
Hybrid sterilityPostzygoticOffspring gara ga'eessatti guddata garuu infertile dha
Hybrid breakdownPostzygoticDhaloonni jalqabaa fertile ta'us dhaloonni itti aanan dadhaboo ta'u

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Cufaawwan wal-hormaata duraa yookiin boodaa kanneen wal-fudhannaa sanyii adda addaa ittisan ramaduuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Cufaawwan prezygotic osoo zaayigootiin hin uumamin ittisu. Cufaawwan postzygotic garuu zaayigootiin haayibiriidii erga uumamee booda hojjatu.

Grade 12 Biology, fuula 161-235 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gosa FilannooDhiibbaa FiinootaayipiiBu'aa Baayyina Keessatti
Stabilizing selectionintermediate phenotypes ni deeggaramean naannootti variation jiru ni hir'isa
Directional selectionextreme phenotype isa tokko ni deeggaraGatii mean character gara kallattii tokkootti jijjiira
Disruptive selectionextreme phenotypes lamaan isaaniiyyuu ni deeggarapopulation gara peaks adda ba'an lamatti qooda

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dhiibbaan filannoo akkaataa raabsa fiinootaayipii uummata keessatti akkamitti akka jijjiiru xiinxaluuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Disruptive selection fiinootaayipii giddu-galeessaa balleessa malee fiinootaayipiiwwan daarii lamaanii miti.

Grade 12 Biology, fuula 161-235 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

In Francesco Redi's experiment, what did the open jar contain after some days?

  1. A.Nothing at all
  2. B.Maggots
  3. C.Fish
  4. D.Mice
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Maggots

Sababa

Redi left one jar open and covered the others. Days later the open jar contained maggots, while the covered jars did not. This helped to disprove spontaneous generation.

Gaaffii 2

Which of the following best defines evolution?

  1. A.A change in the body size of one individual during its lifetime
  2. B.The movement of people from one town to another
  3. C.A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations
  4. D.The death of every member of a species
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C A change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations

Sababa

The textbook defines evolution as a change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations. The key idea is the population and the generations, not one individual.

Gaaffii 3

In which year did Lamarck propose the theory of inheritance of acquired characters?

  1. A.1809
  2. B.1668
  3. C.1748
  4. D.1924
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 1809

Sababa

The textbook says Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characters in 1809. The other years belong to other events in the chapter: Redi's experiment (1668), Needham's report (1748) and Oparin's first ideas (1924).

Gaaffii 4

About how far off the coast of Ecuador are the Galapagos Islands?

  1. A.60 miles
  2. B.120 miles
  3. C.1,200 miles
  4. D.600 miles
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D 600 miles

Sababa

The textbook states that the Galapagos Islands are about 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador in South America.

Gaaffii 5

Which pair of structures is an example of homologous structures?

  1. A.The wing of a bird and the wing of a mosquito
  2. B.The forelimb of a human and the flipper of a whale
  3. C.The wing of a bat and the wing of a bird
  4. D.The wing of a bat and the wing of a mosquito
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The forelimb of a human and the flipper of a whale

Sababa

Homologous structures are similar in structure but do different jobs. The forelimbs of humans, whales, cats and bats have the same basic bone pattern, even though they are used in different ways. The three other pairs are wings, which do the same job but have very different structures, so they are analogous.

Gaaffii 6

Which statement best explains why the wings of a bird and the wings of a mosquito cannot show that the two animals share a common ancestor?

  1. A.They have the same function but very different structures, so they evolved separately.
  2. B.They are both covered with feathers.
  3. C.They have the same bones arranged in the same way.
  4. D.They are both found in the same fossil layer.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A They have the same function but very different structures, so they evolved separately.

Sababa

These are analogous structures. They do the same job, but their anatomy is very different. The bird wing has bones inside and feathers, while the mosquito wing has neither. Because they are so different, they evolved separately and do not show a shared ancestor.

Gaaffii 7

According to the chapter, how often do resistance mutations usually occur in bacteria?

  1. A.In every bacterium
  2. B.In about 1 in 10 bacteria
  3. C.In less than 1 in a million bacteria
  4. D.In exactly half of all bacteria
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C In less than 1 in a million bacteria

Sababa

The textbook says that acquiring resistance is a very rare event. Resistance mutations usually occur in less than 1 in a million bacteria. Once a resistant bacterium exists, it can survive antibiotics and reproduce while its non-resistant neighbours are killed.

Gaaffii 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the three postulates of Neo-Darwinism?

  1. A.Genetic variability
  2. B.Natural selection
  3. C.Reproductive isolation
  4. D.Inheritance of acquired characters
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D Inheritance of acquired characters

Sababa

The three postulates of Neo-Darwinism are genetic variability, natural selection and reproductive isolation. Inheritance of acquired characters is part of Lamarck's theory, not Neo-Darwinism.

Gaaffii 9

Why are mules infertile?

  1. A.The chromosomes of the mule are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells.
  2. B.Mules cannot grow or develop at all.
  3. C.Mules have no chromosomes.
  4. D.Horses and donkeys never mate with each other.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A The chromosomes of the mule are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells.

Sababa

A mule is a hybrid of a female horse and a male donkey. A horse's egg has one more chromosome than a donkey's sperm cell. The mule can grow and develop, but its chromosomes are not homologous, so meiosis does not occur in its germ cells and it cannot produce sex cells.

Gaaffii 10

How does polyploidy help a plant hybrid that is infertile?

  1. A.It removes extra chromosomes from the hybrid's cells.
  2. B.It stops all sexual reproduction in the hybrid.
  3. C.It doubles the chromosome number, so the chromosomes can form homologous pairs in meiosis and the hybrid becomes fertile.
  4. D.It makes the hybrid exactly the same as its parent species.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C It doubles the chromosome number, so the chromosomes can form homologous pairs in meiosis and the hybrid becomes fertile.

Sababa

Many hybrids cannot form homologous pairs during meiosis, so they cannot make sex cells. If the chromosome number doubles, all chromosomes can pair up. Meiosis and sex-cell formation can then take place, and the hybrid is fertile. This is why polyploidy has been important in plant evolution.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 11 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 161 hanga fuula 235 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 358

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Baayoloojii kutaa 12 hunda

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