የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 6፦ ድህነት እና አለመመጣጠን

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 6 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
122–147
የምዕራፍ 6 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 6 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Concept of Poverty and Its Measurement
  2. 2.Poverty
  3. 3.Types of Poverty
  4. 4.Measuring Poverty
  5. 5.Sen's Approach to Poverty and Wellbeing
  6. 6.Concept of Inequality and its Measurements
  7. 7.Global and Regional Poverty
  8. 8.Women and Poverty
  9. 9.Overview of Poverty and Inequalities in Ethiopia
  10. 10.Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Reducing Poverty

የምዕራፍ 6 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በፍጹም ድህነት እና በአንጻራዊ ድህነት መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት ለመረዳት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

አንጻራዊ ድህነት ሰዎች መሰረታዊ ፍላጎታቸውን ቢያሟሉም ከሌሎች አንጻር ያላቸውን የገቢ ዝቅተኝነት ያሳያል፤ ፍጹም ድህነት ግን የመኖር ህልውናን የሚያስፈልጉ መሰረታዊ ነገሮችን ማጣት ነው።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 123-148 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

G=AA+BG = \frac{A}{A + B}
GG
ጂኒ ኮፊሸንትdimensionlessdimensionless
AA
በትክክለኛ እኩልነት መስመር እና በሎሬንዝ ከርቭ መካከል ያለው ስፋትdimensionlessdimensionless
BB
ከሎሬንዝ ከርቭ በታች ያለው ስፋትdimensionlessdimensionless

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በአንድ ኢኮኖሚ ውስጥ ያለውን የገቢ አለመመጣጠን መጠን በሎሬንዝ ከርቭ ስፋት በመታገዝ ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የጂኒ ዋጋ 0 ሲሆን ፍጹም እኩልነትን፣ 1 ሲሆን ደግሞ ፍጹም አለመመጣጠንን ያመለክታል።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 123-148 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

HCR=HNHCR = \frac{H}{N}
HCRHCR
ሄድካውንት ሬሾdimensionlessdimensionless
HH
ከድህነት ወለል በታች የሚኖሩ ሰዎች ቁጥር (Headcount)dimensionlessdimensionless
NN
ጠቅላላ የሕዝብ ብዛት (Total population)dimensionlessdimensionless

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ይህንን ቀመር ከድህነት ወለል በታች የሚገኘውን የሕዝብ ድርሻ ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የራስ ቆጠራ ምጣኔ የሚያሳየው የድሆችን ብዛት ብቻ እንጂ የድህነቱን ጥልቀት ወይም የገቢ ክፍተቱን አያሳይም።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 123-148 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ተቋምባህሪዋና ተግባር
Idirባህላዊ የቀብር እና የቡድን insurance ማህበርበሀዘን እና በድንገተኛ አደጋዎች ወቅት የገንዘብ እና ማህበራዊ ድጋፍ መስጠት
Iqubተዘዋዋሪ የቁጠባ እና ብድር ማህበርኢንቨስትመንቶችን እና ዋና ዋና የቤተሰብ ወጪዎችን ለመደገፍ መደበኛ ቁጠባዎችን ማሰባሰብ
Deboየጋራ የጉልበት ማሰባሰቢያ ቡድንበአባላት መካከል ተዘዋዋሪ ነጻ የእርሻ እና የእጅ ስራ የጉልበት ድጋፍ መጋራት

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ድህነትን ለመቀነስ እና ማህበራዊ ዋስትና ለመስጠት የሚረዱ ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ተቋማትን ለማነጻጸር ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

እድር የረጅም ጊዜ የዋስትና እና የኀዘን መረዳጃ ሲሆን እቁብ ግን በዋናነት ተዘዋዋሪ የቁጠባ እና የብድር ተቋም ነው።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 123-148 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ልኬትአመላካችክብደት
ጤናበቤተሰብ ውስጥ የህፃናት ሞት16\frac{1}{6}
ጤናየአዋቂ ወይም የህፃን የተመጣጠነ ምግብ እጥረት16\frac{1}{6}
ትምህርትየ 5 ዓመት ትምህርት ያጠናቀቀ የቤተሰብ አባል አለመኖር16\frac{1}{6}
ትምህርትማንኛውም ለትምህርት የደረሰ ልጅ ከትምህርት ቤት ውጭ መሆን (ከክፍል 1 እስከ 8)16\frac{1}{6}
የኑሮ ደረጃበኤሌክትሪክ፣ ውሃ፣ ሳኒቴሽን፣ ወለል፣ የማብሰያ ነዳጅ፣ ሀብቶች ላይ ያሉ እጥረቶች118 each  (13 total)\frac{1}{18} \text{ each} \; (\frac{1}{3} \text{ total})

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የባለብዙ አቅጣጫ ድህነት መለኪያ (MPI) የተዋቀረባቸውን ሶስት ዋና ልኬቶች እና ንዑስ አመላካቾች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ጤና እና ትምህርት እያንዳንዳቸው የአንድ ሶስተኛ ክብደት ሲኖራቸው፣ በውስጣቸው ላሉ ሁለት አመላካቾች እኩል አንድ ስድስተኛ ይሰጣል።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 123-148 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

Which organisation defined poverty as "the pronounced deprivation in wellbeing"?

  1. A.World Bank
  2. B.UNESCO
  3. C.IMF
  4. D.ILO
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A World Bank

ምክንያቱ

The unit states that the World Bank (2000) defines poverty as "the pronounced deprivation in wellbeing". The other organisations are not given this definition in the text.

ጥያቄ 2

Which type of poverty is the situation of someone being unable, or only barely able, to meet subsistence essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter?

  1. A.Relative poverty
  2. B.Absolute poverty
  3. C.Multidimensional poverty
  4. D.Capability poverty
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Absolute poverty

ምክንያቱ

The text defines absolute poverty as being unable or only barely able to meet subsistence essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter. Relative poverty is defined by comparison with other people's standing in the economy.

ጥያቄ 3

What does a Gini coefficient of 0 show?

  1. A.Perfect inequality, where all income is owned by one person
  2. B.Perfect equality, where the Lorenz curve coincides with the main diagonal
  3. C.The poverty line has been reached
  4. D.The highest possible level of poverty
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Perfect equality, where the Lorenz curve coincides with the main diagonal

ምክንያቱ

The text says that if the Gini coefficient is 0, the Lorenz curve coincides with the main diagonal and implies perfect equality. A Gini coefficient of 1 shows perfect inequality.

ጥያቄ 4

Which Ethiopian informal institution is described in the unit as a traditional burial association that gives support to members in times of death and grief?

  1. A.Iqub
  2. B.Debo
  3. C.Idir
  4. D.Cottage industry
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Idir

ምክንያቱ

The unit says that Idir is the most common informal institution in Ethiopia and, although it is a form of burial society, it also supports members in times of death and grief. Iqub is a rotating credit association, and Debo is a work group.

ጥያቄ 5

The text lists three steps for measuring poverty. In the list, what is the second step?

  1. A.Generating a summary statistic
  2. B.Defining an indicator of welfare
  3. C.Establishing a minimum acceptable standard of that indicator (the poverty line)
  4. D.Monitoring and evaluating projects
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Establishing a minimum acceptable standard of that indicator (the poverty line)

ምክንያቱ

The three steps are: (1) defining an indicator of welfare, (2) establishing a minimum acceptable standard of that indicator to separate the poor from the non-poor (the poverty line), and (3) generating a summary statistic. So the second step is setting the poverty line.

ጥያቄ 6

In a town, 2,000 people are counted as living below the absolute poverty line. The total population of the town is N. Which formula gives the headcount index (headcount ratio)?

  1. A.N / H
  2. B.H / N
  3. C.H × N
  4. D.H minus N
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B H / N

ምክንያቱ

The text says that if H is the headcount of people whose income or consumption falls below the absolute poverty line, the headcount index (headcount ratio) is H/N, where N is the total population. You divide the number of poor people by the whole population.

ጥያቄ 7

In the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as used by the UNDP, each of the two health indicators (child death in the family, and malnutrition) counts how much toward the maximum possible deprivation?

  1. A.One-third
  2. B.One-sixth
  3. C.One-half
  4. D.One-twelfth
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B One-sixth

ምክንያቱ

The text says health has two indicators, both weighted equally, and each counts one-sixth toward the maximum possible deprivation in the MPI. Education also has two indicators, each worth one-sixth.

ጥያቄ 8

According to the government, the headcount poverty in Ethiopia declined from 59% in 1992 to 29.5% in 2011. What was the headcount poverty rate in Ethiopia in 1992?

  1. A.24%
  2. B.29.5%
  3. C.38%
  4. D.59%
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D 59%

ምክንያቱ

The unit states that headcount poverty in Ethiopia was 59% in 1992 and fell to 29.5% in 2011. The 24% and 38% figures in the text refer to a different period (2008/09 to 2018/19).

ጥያቄ 9

In the multidimensional poverty approach, a person is identified as multidimensionally poor by the "dual cut-off method". Which description matches this method?

  1. A.A person is poor if their income is below $1.25 a day, with no other checks.
  2. B.A person is poor if they have cut-off levels within each dimension, and are deprived in at least a set number of dimensions.
  3. C.A person is poor only if they are deprived in every dimension at the same time.
  4. D.A person is poor if the government lists them in the Welfare Monitoring Survey.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A person is poor if they have cut-off levels within each dimension, and are deprived in at least a set number of dimensions.

ምክንያቱ

The text describes two cut-offs. First, there are cut-off levels within each dimension (similar to a poverty line). Second, there is a cut-off for the number of dimensions in which a person must be deprived. Option B combines both steps.

ጥያቄ 10

In Amartya Sen's capability approach, what are the "conversion factors"?

  1. A.The prices at which commodities are sold in the market
  2. B.The personal, socio-political, and environmental conditions that decide whether a person can turn resources into a functioning
  3. C.The income levels used to set the poverty line
  4. D.The indicators used in the Gini coefficient
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B The personal, socio-political, and environmental conditions that decide whether a person can turn resources into a functioning

ምክንያቱ

The text says whether someone can convert a set of resources and public goods into a functioning depends on personal, socio-political, and environmental conditions, which are called conversion factors. Income alone does not decide this, which is why Sen's approach looks beyond income.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 6 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 6 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 122 እስከ ገጽ 147 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 214 ገጾች

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