የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የጂኦግራፊ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 2 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።
በ12ኛ ክፍል የጂኦግራፊ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።
| ስልት | ዋነኛ ዓላማ | ቁልፍ እርምጃዎች እና ምሳሌዎች |
|---|---|---|
| Mitigation | የ GHG ልቀቶችን መቀነስ እና የ carbon sinks አቅምን ማሳደግ | Renewable energy፣ Reforestation፣ Carbon capture |
| Adaptation | ጉዳቶችን መቀነስ እና ከአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖዎች ጋር መላመድ | Terracing፣ Irrigation፣ Crop diversification፣ Resilient building |
መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት
የአየር ንብረት ለውጥ ምላሾችን ወደ መንስኤ ቅነሳ ወይም የተፅዕኖ መላመድ ተግባራት ለመመደብ ይጠቀሙበት።
ይጠንቀቁ
የተፈጥሮ ሥርዓቶች ቅድመ-ተከላካይ መላመድን ማድረግ አይችሉም። በተፈጥሮ ውስጥ መላመድ ራሱን የቻለ እና ምላሽ ሰጪ ብቻ ነው።
ከGrade 12 Geography፣ ገጽ 35-62 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል
| ዓመተ ምሕረት | ስምምነት ወይም ጉባዔ | ዋነኛ ውሳኔ ወይም ግዴታ |
|---|---|---|
| 1979 | First World Climate Conference | Climate change አስቸኳይ ዓለም አቀፍ ችግር መሆኑን ዕውቅና የሰጠና WCP ን ያቋቋመ |
| 1988 | Toronto Conference | ዓለም አቀፍ framework convention እንዲኖር ሐሳብ ያቀረበ፣ ይህም ለ IPCC መመስረት በር የከፈተ |
| 1997 (ሥራ ላይ የዋለው 2005) | Kyoto Protocol | የበለጸጉ አገራት የ GHG emissions መጠን ከ 1990 ደረጃዎች በታች ቢያንስ በ 5 percent እንዲቀንሱ የተቀመጡ አስገዳጅ targets |
| 2015 | Paris Agreement | የ Kyoto framework ን ለመተካት በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ የፀደቁ በፈቃደኝነት ላይ የተመሰረቱ ብሔራዊ የ emission reduction targets |
መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት
የዓለም አቀፍ የአየር ንብረት ስምምነቶች የታሪክ ቅደም ተከተል፣ የሕግ ሁኔታ እና የልቀት ግቦችን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።
ይጠንቀቁ
የኪዮቶ ፕሮቶኮል አስገዳጅ ግዴታ የጣለው በበለጸጉ አገሮች ላይ ብቻ ሲሆን የፓሪስ ስምምነት ግን በሁሉም አገሮች የበጎ ፈቃድ ግብ ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው።
ከGrade 12 Geography፣ ገጽ 35-62 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል
| የምህዋር ክፍል | አካላዊ እንቅስቃሴ | የአየር ንብረት ውጤት |
|---|---|---|
| Eccentricity | የ Earth orbit በፀሐይ ዙሪያ ያለው ቅርጽ ለውጦች | የወቅታዊ solar radiation intensity መጠንን ይለውጣል |
| Precession | የ Earth axis of rotation መወዛወዝ | በ hemispheres መካከል ያለውን seasonal contrast ይቀያይራል |
| Obliquity | በ Earth axis የ tilt angle ላይ የሚመጡ ለውጦች | በ poles እና equator መካከል ያለውን የ temperature contrast ያስተካክላል |
መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት
የበረዶ እና የሙቀት ዘመናት መፈራረቅን የሚያስከትሉ የተፈጥሮ የምህዋር ለውጦችን ለማብራራት ይጠቀሙበት።
ይጠንቀቁ
የሚላንኮቪች ዑደቶች የረጅም ዘመን የተፈጥሮ ዑደቶችን ብቻ የሚያስረዱ እንጂ ከሃያኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ወዲህ ያለውን ፈጣን የሙቀት መጨመር አያብራሩም።
ከGrade 12 Geography፣ ገጽ 35-62 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል
በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።
ጥያቄ 1
Which statement best describes the difference between weather and climate?
መልስ፦ B Climate is the long term average of weather, usually over 30 years or more
ምክንያቱ
Weather is the state of the atmosphere over a short period, while climate is its average over a long one, conventionally 30 years. Option A reverses the two, which is the mistake that also produces the argument that one cold week disproves climate change.
ጥያቄ 2
Which statement about the greenhouse effect is correct?
መልስ፦ B It is natural and necessary; the problem is that human activity has enhanced it
ምክንያቱ
Without the natural greenhouse effect the earth would average about -18 degrees Celsius rather than about 15, and life as we know it could not exist. What is damaging is the enhanced effect from extra emissions. Ozone depletion is a separate problem about ultraviolet radiation, so option D confuses two different issues.
ጥያቄ 3
Which greenhouse gas is released mainly by livestock, rice paddies and landfill?
መልስ፦ B Methane
ምክንያቱ
Methane comes from livestock digestion, flooded rice fields and decomposing waste. It matters greatly for Ethiopia given the size of the national herd, because methane traps far more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide is associated with fertilisers instead.
ጥያቄ 4
Building terraces on a hillside farm to hold soil and water during heavy rain is an example of
መልስ፦ B adaptation
ምክንያቱ
Adaptation means coping with changes that are already happening. A terrace does not lower anyone's emissions; it protects the farm from rainfall that has already changed. Mitigation attacks the cause, which is what planting trees or installing solar panels does.
ጥያቄ 5
Which pair correctly lists two causes of sea level rise?
መልስ፦ A Melting land ice and thermal expansion of seawater
ምክንያቱ
Water expands as it warms, and that thermal expansion contributes roughly as much as melting glaciers and ice sheets. Melting sea ice that is already floating adds almost nothing to sea level, which is why option B fails.
ጥያቄ 6
Which agreement, signed in 2015, commits countries to holding global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius?
መልስ፦ B The Paris Agreement
ምክንያቱ
The Paris Agreement of 2015 asks every country to pledge cuts, unlike Kyoto in 1997 which bound only developed countries. The Montreal Protocol dealt with ozone depleting substances, and the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 produced the framework convention that the later agreements sit under.
ጥያቄ 7
Why is Ethiopian agriculture especially vulnerable to climate change?
መልስ፦ B Because it is mostly rain fed, so a late or short rainy season means a failed harvest
ምክንያቱ
Most Ethiopian farming depends directly on rainfall rather than irrigation, so any change in the timing or amount of the kiremt rains passes straight through to the harvest. Ethiopia is in fact a very low emitter, which is the basis of its argument for climate finance under the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
ጥያቄ 8
Which of the following is a mitigation measure rather than an adaptation measure?
መልስ፦ C Generating electricity from geothermal and wind instead of fossil fuels
ምክንያቱ
Replacing fossil fuel generation reduces emissions, so it attacks the cause. The other three all help people cope with changes that have already arrived, which makes them adaptation.
ጥያቄ 9
Which set correctly names the four pillars of Ethiopia's Climate Resilient Green Economy strategy?
መልስ፦ A Agriculture; forestry; power; transport, industry and buildings
ምክንያቱ
The CRGE, launched in 2011, aims to reach middle income status without raising net emissions, and rests on those four pillars. The Green Legacy tree planting campaign sits under the forestry pillar, and the expansion of hydro, geothermal and wind sits under power.
ጥያቄ 10
Malaria appearing in Ethiopian highland areas that were previously free of it is a consequence of
መልስ፦ A rising temperatures allowing mosquitoes to survive at higher altitudes
ምክንያቱ
The mosquito that carries malaria was limited by the cool highland temperatures. As those areas warm, the mosquito's range moves upslope into populations with little previous exposure. Sea level rise is irrelevant to a landlocked country.
መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።
ምዕራፍ 2 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 35 እስከ ገጽ 62 ይደርሳል።
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