Dhiiga glomerulus keessaa baasa, ergasii gara saphaphuu peritubular capillary kan ujummoo marsee jiruutti qoodama.
Blood
Proximal convoluted tubule
Bakka deebi'ee fudhatamuun irra caalaan itti raawwatamu. Haala idileetiin glucose fi amino acid guutumaan guutuutti deebifamu, ion fi bishaan irra caalaanis akkasuma. Qorichi, summii fi ammonia immoo asitti gara filtrate'tti gadi lakkifamu.
Filtrate
Loop of Henle
Fakkeenya lilmoo rifeensaa kan gara medulla gadi bu'u. Bishaan harka gadi bu'u irraa ba'a. Ion sodium fi chloride immoo harka ol ba'u kan bishaan hin dabarsine irraa ba'u, kanaafuu filtrate ni tolfama, medullan naannoo isaas soogidda ta'a.
Filtrate
Distal convoluted tubule
Sirreeffama xumuraa. Ion potassium fi hydrogen gara filtrate'tti gadi lakkifamu, ion sodium, chloride fi hydrogen carbonate immoo deebifamanii fudhatamu, kanaanis pH dhiigaa fi madaalliin soogiddaa ni eegama.
Barattoonni maqaalee sana akkuma fakkii irratti naannoon barreeffamanitti qu'atanii, afferent fi efferent arteriole karaa fincaanii keessatti barreessu. Lamaan kun dhiiga baatu malee filtrate hin baatan. Karaawwan lamaan adda baasi: dhiigni afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole fi peritubular capillaries keessa darba. Filtrate glomerulus keessatti utuu hin ta'in Bowman's capsule keessatti jalqaba, sababni isaas glomerulus hidhaa ujummoolee dhiigaati, bakki filtrate jalqaba itti taa'us xoofoo isa marsee jirudha.
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5
Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.
Gaaffii 1
Which enzyme is found in human saliva to begin the chemical breakdown of starch into simpler molecules?
A.Pepsin
B.Salivary amylase
C.Lipase
D.Trypsin
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: B Salivary amylase
Sababa
Saliva contains salivary amylase (also called ptyalin), which begins the chemical digestion of starches in the oral cavity.
Gaaffii 2
According to the human dental structure, which chisel-shaped teeth at the front of the mouth are specialized for cutting food?
A.Incisors
B.Canines
C.Premolars
D.Molars
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: A Incisors
Sababa
Incisors are the eight chisel-shaped teeth at the front of the mouth designed specifically for cutting food.
Gaaffii 3
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?
A.Bicuspid valve
B.Aortic valve
C.Tricuspid valve
D.Pulmonary valve
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: C Tricuspid valve
Sababa
The tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) separates the right atrium from the right ventricle and prevents backflow of blood.
Gaaffii 4
What is the normal average lifespan of human red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
A.18 to 36 hours
B.9 to 10 days
C.120 days
D.1 year
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: C 120 days
Sababa
Human erythrocytes (red blood cells) have an average lifespan of about 120 days in the bloodstream.
Gaaffii 5
How does the textbook distinguish between egestion and excretion in humans?
A.Egestion removes undigested food waste, while excretion removes metabolic wastes.
B.Egestion occurs only in plants, while excretion occurs only in animals.
C.Egestion eliminates urine, while excretion eliminates feces.
D.Egestion removes carbon dioxide, while excretion removes solid waste.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: A Egestion removes undigested food waste, while excretion removes metabolic wastes.
Sababa
Egestion is the removal of undigested food residue remaining after digestion, whereas excretion is the process of getting rid of metabolic waste products formed inside cells.
Gaaffii 6
Why is the action of bile salts on large fat globules classified as physical digestion rather than chemical digestion?
A.Because it breaks chemical bonds inside fatty acids
B.Because it breaks down fat droplets into smaller droplets without breaking chemical bonds
C.Because it takes place entirely inside the stomach
D.Because bile salts contain active protein-digesting enzymes
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: B Because it breaks down fat droplets into smaller droplets without breaking chemical bonds
Sababa
Bile salts emulsify large fat globules into tiny droplets without breaking chemical bonds, which increases the surface area for enzymes like lipase to act chemically.
Gaaffii 7
During a heartbeat, what causes the first audible heart sound, Lub?
A.The closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole
B.The closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction
C.The rush of blood through the coronary arteries
D.The contraction of the muscular walls of the atria
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: B The closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction
Sababa
The Lub sound is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) during ventricular contraction (systole).
Gaaffii 8
A student in Addis Ababa learns that a person has blood group AB. Which antigens and antibodies are present in this person's blood?
A.Both A and B antigens on red cells, but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
B.Neither A nor B antigens on red cells, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
C.Only A antigens on red cells and anti-B antibodies in plasma
D.Only B antigens on red cells and anti-A antibodies in plasma
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: A Both A and B antigens on red cells, but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
Sababa
Individuals with blood group AB have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, and their plasma contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Gaaffii 9
In the villi of the human small intestine, which route is used to absorb digested fats?
A.Directly into the blood capillary networks
B.Into the central lymph vessels called lacteals
C.Directly into the hepatic portal vein
D.Across the epithelial cells into the stomach lining
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: B Into the central lymph vessels called lacteals
Sababa
Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed directly into the capillary networks of the villi, whereas digested fats are absorbed into the lymph vessels called lacteals.
Gaaffii 10
How is inactive pancreatic trypsinogen converted into its active form, trypsin, in the digestive tract?
A.By hydrochloric acid in the stomach
B.By salivary amylase in the esophagus
C.By the enzyme enterokinase in the small intestine
D.By bile salts secreted from the gallbladder
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi
Deebii: C By the enzyme enterokinase in the small intestine
Sababa
When inactive trypsinogen reaches the small intestine, the enzyme enterokinase converts it into active trypsin to digest polypeptides.
Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.
