Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 1 Keemistirii kutaa 10: Jijjiirama Inarjiifi Elektirookeemistirii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 1 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1: 2–50
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 1

Boqonnaan 1 maal haguuga

1.Chemical Equations
2.Types of Chemical Reactions
3.Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
4.Molecular and Formula Masses, the Mole
5.Stoichiometry

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 1

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Gosoota Ri'aakshinii Keemikaalaa Bu'uuraa AfurGabatee wabiiCombination · Decomposition · Single displacement · +1

Gosa Ri'aakshinii	Boca Waliigalaa
Combination	$A + B \rightarrow AB$
Decomposition	$AB \rightarrow A + B$
Single displacement	$A + BC \rightarrow B + AC$
Double displacement	$AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ri'aakshinoota keemikaalaa akkaataa re'aaktantoonni gara oomishaatti jijjiiraman irratti hunda'uun ramaduuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Bakka bu'iinsa qeenxee keessatti, elementiin bilisa ta'e elementii biraa bakka bu'uu kan danda'u caalaatti ri'aaktivii yoo ta'e qofaadha.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 2-50 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Oxidizing Agent fi Reducing Agent Walitti MakooDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ri'aakshinii redox keessatti wanta oxidized ta'e, wanta reduced ta'e, oxidizing agent fi reducing agent adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Wanti elektiroonota dhabe oxidation gaggeessa, innius reducing agent dha. Wanti elektiroonota argate immoo reduction gaggeessa, innius oxidizing agent dha.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 2-50 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Molecular Formula MurteessuuFoormulaa

n = \frac{M_{\text{molecular}}}{M_{\text{empirical}}}

n = \frac{M_{\text{molecular}}}{M_{\text{empirical}}}

$n$: Lakkoofsa guutuu empirical formula fi molecular formula wal-qabsiisu $dimensionless$
$M_{\text{molecular}}$: Molar mass molecular formula $g\,mol^{-1}$
$M_{\text{empirical}}$: Molar mass empirical formula $g\,mol^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Molar mass sirriin yeroo kennamu empirical formula gara molecular formulaatti jijjiiruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Baay'ataan n lakkoofsa guutuu ta'uu qaba. Lakkoofsota xixiqqoo empirical formula keessa jiran hunda n kanaan baay'isaa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 2-50 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Dhibbeentaa Qabiyyee UlfaatinnaanFoormulaa

\% \text{ composition} = \frac{n \times M_{\text{element}}}{M_{\text{compound}}} \times 100

\% \text{ composition} = \frac{n \times M_{\text{element}}}{M_{\text{compound}}} \times 100

$n$: Baay'ina moolii elementichaa moolii tokko kompaawundii keessatti $dimensionless$
$M_{\text{element}}$: Molar mass elementichaa $g\,mol^{-1}$
$M_{\text{compound}}$: Molar mass kompaawundichaa $g\,mol^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Kompaawundii keemikaalaa keessatti dhibbeentaa elementii murtaa'e tokkoo shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Odoo hin qoodin dura molar mass elementichaa lakkoofsa xiqqaa n foormulaa keessa jiruun baay'isuu hin dagatinaa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 2-50 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Seerota Lakkoofsa Oksideeshinii KennuuGabatee wabiiElement hin makamin · Monatomic ion · Group IA, Group IIA · +4

Gosa ykn Elementii	Seera Lakkoofsa Oksideeshinii	Haalawwan Addaa
Element hin makamin	$0$	Hin jiru
Monatomic ion	Ion charge wajjin walqixa	Hin jiru
Group IA, Group IIA	Group IA tiif $+1$ , Group IIA tiif $+2$	Hin jiru
Oxygen compounds keessatti	$-2$	Peroxides: $-1$ , Superoxides: $-1/2$ , $OF_2$ : $+2$
Hydrogen compounds keessatti	$+1$	Metal hydrides: $-1$
Ida'ama neutral compound	Ida'amni $0$ wajjin walqixa	Hin jiru
Ida'ama polyatomic ion	Ida'amni ion charge wajjin walqixa	Hin jiru

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Molekiyulii giddu-galeessa ykn ayonii baay'ee-atoomawaa keessatti lakkoofsa oksideeshinii elementii kamiyyuu murteessuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Haala addaa oksijiinii kan akka peroogsaayidii Na2O2 fi haayidiroojiinii kan akka haayidiraayidii sibiilaa NaH keessatti hin dagatinaa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 2-50 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

Which of the following processes is classified as a physical change?

A.Evaporation of liquids
B.Turning of milk into curd
C.Photosynthesis by green plants
D.Rotting of an egg by bacteria

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Evaporation of liquids

Sababa

Evaporation of liquids is a physical change because no new substance with a new chemical composition is formed. The other three options produce new substances and are chemical changes.

Gaaffii 2

A reaction in which two pure substances react directly to form a single substance (represented by the general form A + B → AB) is known as a:

A.Decomposition reaction
B.Combination reaction
C.Single displacement reaction
D.Double displacement reaction

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Combination reaction

Sababa

A combination reaction (also called synthesis or composition) is a reaction where two elements or compounds combine directly to form a single compound.

Gaaffii 3

In terms of electron transfer, how is oxidation defined?

A.The gain of one or more electrons
B.The loss of one or more electrons
C.The sharing of electrons equally
D.No change in electron count

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The loss of one or more electrons

Sababa

Oxidation is defined as the loss of one or more electrons by an atom. Reduction is defined as the gain of one or more electrons.

Gaaffii 4

How many representative particles are contained in exactly one mole of any substance?

A.6.02 × 1022
B.6.02 × 1023
C.1.20 × 1024
D.3.01 × 1023

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 6.02 × 1023

Sababa

One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles, which is 6.02 × 10²³ units.

Gaaffii 5

A student in Hawassa tests the reactivity of metals by adding dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to separate samples of zinc and copper. What will happen?

A.Zinc displaces hydrogen gas, but copper does not react.
B.Copper displaces hydrogen gas, but zinc does not react.
C.Both metals react vigorously with hydrochloric acid.
D.Neither metal reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Zinc displaces hydrogen gas, but copper does not react.

Sababa

Zinc is an active metal and displaces hydrogen from dilute acid (Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂). Copper is less active and does not react with hydrochloric acid.

Gaaffii 6

What is the oxidation number of chromium (Cr) in the dichromate ion, Cr₂O₇^2-?

A.+3
B.+5
C.+6
D.+7

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C +6

Sababa

Each oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2. The total charge is -2: 2(Cr) + 7(-2) = -2. Solving gives 2(Cr) = +12, so Cr = +6.

Gaaffii 7

In the chemical reaction Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu, which substance acts as the reducing agent?

A.Cu
B.Zn
C.CuSO4
D.ZnSO4

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Zn

Sababa

Zinc (Zn) loses electrons and its oxidation number increases from 0 to +2. The substance that is oxidized and supplies electrons is the reducing agent.

Gaaffii 8

Which of the following equations represents a double displacement reaction?

A.2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
B.2HgO → 2Hg + O2
C.Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
D.AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Sababa

In AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃, the positive and negative ions of the two reacting compounds exchange partners to form two new compounds.

Gaaffii 9

What are the correct stoichiometric coefficients (a, b, c, d) when the equation aPCl₅ + bH₂O → cH₃PO₄ + dHCl is balanced?

A.1, 4, 1, 5
B.1, 2, 1, 3
C.2, 4, 2, 5
D.1, 3, 1, 4

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 1, 4, 1, 5

Sababa

Balancing phosphorus gives 1 PCl₅ to 1 H₃PO₄. Balancing chlorine requires 5 HCl. Balancing oxygen and hydrogen requires 4 H₂O. Thus, the balanced equation is PCl₅ + 4H₂O → H₃PO₄ + 5HCl.

Gaaffii 10

A compound contains 43.6% phosphorus (P) and 56.4% oxygen (O) by mass. What is its empirical formula? (Atomic masses: P = 31.0 g/mol, O = 16.0 g/mol)

A.PO2
B.P2O3
C.P2O5
D.PO3

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C P2O5

Sababa

Moles of P = 43.6 / 31.0 = 1.41 mol. Moles of O = 56.4 / 16.0 = 3.53 mol. Dividing by 1.41 gives 1.00 P and 2.50 O. Multiplying by 2 gives the whole number ratio P₂O₅.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 1

Boqonnaan 1 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 2 hanga fuula 50 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 307

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 10 hunda

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