Why does an instant cold pack feel cold when ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) dissolves in water?

The dissolution is exothermic and gives off heat to the hand

The dissolution is an ideal solution with no net enthalpy change

Ammonium nitrate reacts chemically with water to freeze the pack

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 2 Keemistirii kutaa 10: Soluushinoota

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 2 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

4
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2: 51–110
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 maal haguuga

1.Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Mixtures
2.The Solution Process
3.Solubility as an Equilibrium Process
4.Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solution
5.Preparation of Solutions
6.Solution Stoichiometry

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 2

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Ramaddii KoloyidiiGabatee wabiiDhangala'oo · Jajjaboo · Gaasii

Kutaa Faffaca'e	Midiyaamii Faffacsu	Gosa Koloyidii	Fakkeenya
Dhangala'oo	Gaasii	Aerosol	Hurrii, duumessa, huursaa
Jajjaboo	Gaasii	Aerosol	Aara, aara makiinaa (exhaust)
Gaasii	Dhangala'oo	Foam	Shaving cream
Dhangala'oo	Dhangala'oo	Emulsion	Aannan, kiriimii fuulaa
Jajjaboo	Dhangala'oo	Sol	Milk of magnesia
Gaasii	Jajjaboo	Foam	Ispoonjii, pumice
Dhangala'oo	Jajjaboo	Gel	Jeelii, chiizii, dhadhaa
Jajjaboo	Jajjaboo	Solid sol	Dhagaa gati jabeessa (gemstone), milky glass

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Haala maatirii irratti hundaa'uun gosa koloyidii adda baasuuf gabatee kana fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gaasiin gaasii keessatti faffaca'e koloyidii hin uumu, sababiin isaas gaasonni hundi guutummaatti walitti makamuun solution uumu.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 51-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Enthalpy Furmaata Soliidii AayoonikiiFoormulaa

\Delta H_{\text{soln}} = \Delta H_{\text{lat}} + \Delta H_{\text{hydr}}

\Delta H_{\text{soln}} = \Delta H_{\text{lat}} + \Delta H_{\text{hydr}}

$\Delta H_{\text{soln}}$: entaalpii moolarii bulbulamaa $\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}$
$\Delta H_{\text{lat}}$: annisaa laatiisii $\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}$
$\Delta H_{\text{hydr}}$: entaalpii haayidireeshinii $\text{kJ}\,\text{mol}^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo jabinni aayoonikii bishaan keessatti baqu jijjiirama ho'aa waliigalaa shallaguuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Lattice energy yeroo hunda poosatiivii (endothermic) yoo ta'u, hydration energy immoo negaatiivii (exothermic) dha.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 51-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Ho'a FurmaataaFoormulaa

q = m C_g \Delta T

q = m C_g \Delta T

$q$: ho'a gadhifame yookiin xuuxame $\text{J}$
$m$: hanga bulbulamaa $\text{g}$
$C_g$: dandeettii ho'a murtaa'aa bulbulamaa $\text{J}\,\text{g}^{-1}\,{^{\circ}\text{C}}^{-1}$
$\Delta T$: jijjiirama tempiireecharaa $^{\circ}\text{C}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Adeemsa baqinaa keessatti ho'a dhangala'aa calorimeter keessatti xuuxame yookiin gadhifame shallaguuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Hangi m ida'ama mass solute fi mass solvent (mass solution) ta'uu qaba, kan solvent qofa miti.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 51-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Seera HenryFoormulaa

C = k P

C = k P

$C$: konsantireeshinii gaasii bulbulamee $\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}$
$k$: dhaabbataa seera Henry $\text{mol}\,\text{L}^{-1}\,\text{atm}^{-1}$
$P$: dhiibbaa gar-tokkee gaasichaa $\text{atm}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Hangi gaasii dhangala'aa keessatti dhangala'e partial pressure murtaa'e irratti shallaguuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gaasota bishaan wajjin walnyaatan yookiin hydrogen bond uuman kanneen akka HCl fi NH3 seera Henry hin hordofan.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 51-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

What is the particle size range in a colloidal solution?

A.Less than 0.1 nm
B.Between 1 nm and 100 nm
C.Between 200 nm and 500 nm
D.Greater than 1000 nm

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Between 1 nm and 100 nm

Sababa

According to the textbook, the size of particles in a colloid is between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter. This makes them larger than particles in a true solution but smaller than those in a suspension.

Gaaffii 2

According to the textbook classification of colloids, milk and face cream are examples of which type?

A.Aerosol
B.Gel
C.Emulsion
D.Sol

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Emulsion

Sababa

An emulsion is a type of colloid where a liquid is dispersed in another liquid. Milk and face cream are both classified as liquid in liquid emulsions.

Gaaffii 3

Which type of mixture has a single uniform phase with no visible boundaries because its components are mixed as individual atoms, ions, or molecules?

A.Homogeneous mixture (solution)
B.Suspension
C.Heterogeneous mixture
D.Coagulated mixture

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Homogeneous mixture (solution)

Sababa

A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, has a uniform composition throughout with no visible boundaries because the components are mixed at the atomic, molecular, or ionic level.

Gaaffii 4

What happens to the solubility of most gases in liquid solvents when the temperature increases?

A.Solubility increases
B.Solubility decreases
C.Solubility stays completely unchanged
D.Solubility doubles

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Solubility decreases

Sababa

The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with increasing temperature because added heat breaks the attractive forces between gas molecules and solvent molecules, causing the gas to escape.

Gaaffii 5

How are the stearate ions arranged when soap forms an association colloid (micelle) in water?

A.Hydrophilic ends point inward and nonpolar tails face the water
B.Hydrophobic hydrocarbon ends point inward and hydrophilic carboxyl groups face outward toward water
C.Both ends point inward away from the water
D.Both ends face outward toward the water

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Hydrophobic hydrocarbon ends point inward and hydrophilic carboxyl groups face outward toward water

Sababa

In water, soap forms micelles where the nonpolar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon tails turn inward to avoid water and trap oil, while the ionic carboxyl groups (hydrophilic) face outward toward the polar water molecules.

Gaaffii 6

Based on the solubility rules for ionic solids in the textbook, which of the following compounds is insoluble in water?

A.AgNO3
B.KI
C.BaCO3
D.AlCl3

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C BaCO3

Sababa

Carbonates (CO₃^2-) are insoluble in water, except those of Group 1A elements and ammonium. Since barium (Ba) is in Group 2A, BaCO₃ is insoluble. Nitrates, Group 1A salts (like KI), and most chlorides are soluble.

Gaaffii 7

Which step of the solution formation process is exothermic?

A.Separation of solute particles from one another
B.Separation of solvent particles from one another
C.Mixing of solute and solvent particles to form solute-solvent attractions
D.Overcoming the crystal lattice energy of the solid

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Mixing of solute and solvent particles to form solute-solvent attractions

Sababa

Breaking solute-solute or solvent-solvent attractions requires energy and is endothermic. Forming new attractive solute-solvent interactions releases energy, making step 3 exothermic (ΔH_mix < 0).

Gaaffii 8

Why does an instant cold pack feel cold when ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) dissolves in water?

A.The dissolution is exothermic and gives off heat to the hand
B.The dissolution is endothermic and absorbs heat from the surroundings
C.The dissolution is an ideal solution with no net enthalpy change
D.Ammonium nitrate reacts chemically with water to freeze the pack

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The dissolution is endothermic and absorbs heat from the surroundings

Sababa

Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. It absorbs heat from the surroundings, causing the temperature of the pack to drop significantly.

Gaaffii 9

In a bottled soft drink in Hawassa, the concentration of dissolved CO₂ is 0.032 M at a partial pressure of 3.0 atm. What is the concentration of dissolved CO₂ if the pressure is increased to 6.0 atm at constant temperature?

A.0.016 M
B.0.048 M
C.0.064 M
D.0.096 M

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 0.064 M

Sababa

Using Henry's law equation, C₁ / P₁ = C₂ / P₂. Substituting values gives: C₂ = (0.032 M × 6.0 atm) / 3.0 atm = 0.064 M.

Gaaffii 10

A student in Bahir Dar dissolves 15 g of table salt (NaCl) in 85 g of pure water. What is the percent by mass of salt in this solution?

A.15%
B.17.6%
C.85%
D.12.5%

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 15%

Sababa

Percent by mass = (mass of solute / total mass of solution) × 100%. Here, total mass = 15 g + 85 g = 100 g. Therefore, (15 g / 100 g) × 100% = 15%.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 51 hanga fuula 110 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 307

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 10 hunda

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