Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 3 Keemistirii kutaa 10: Kompaawundoota Inoorgaanikii Barbaachisoo

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 3 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

8
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3: 111–168
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 maal haguuga

1.Oxides
2.Acids
3.Salts

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 3

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Agarsiiftuuwwan Asiidii fi BeeziiGabatee wabiiLitmus · Phenolphthalein · Methyl orange · +1

Agarsiiftuu	Halluu Asiidii Keessatti	Halluu Beezii Keessatti
Litmus	Red	Blue
Phenolphthalein	Colourless	Pink
Methyl orange	Red	Yellow
Universal Indicator	Red	Blue

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Jijjiirama halluu agarsiiftuuwwan irraa furmaanni tokko asiidawaa yookiin beezawaa ta'uu isaa murteessuuf gabatee kana fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Phenolphthalein furmaata asiidii keessatti bifa maleessa ta'a, kan inni gara rooziitti jijjiiramu beezii keessatti qofa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 111-168 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Ramaddii OksaayidootaaGabatee wabiiAsiidawaa · Beezawaa · Amfootariki · +2

Gosa Oksaayidii	Amala Keemikaalaa	Fakkeenyota
Asiidawaa	Bishaan wajjin asiidii uuma, beezota niwutiraalayizii godha	$\mathrm{CO_2}$ , $\mathrm{SO_2}$ , $\mathrm{N_2O_5}$
Beezawaa	Bishaan wajjin beezi uuma, asiidota niwutiraalayizii godha	$\mathrm{Na_2O}$ , $\mathrm{CaO}$ , $\mathrm{CuO}$
Amfootariki	Asiidota jajjaboo fi beezota jajjaboo lamaan wajjinuu riyaaktii godha	$\mathrm{Al_2O_3}$ , $\mathrm{ZnO}$ , $\mathrm{PbO}$
Niwutiraala	Asiidota yookiin beezota wajjin riyaaktii hin godhu	$\mathrm{CO}$ , $\mathrm{NO}$ , $\mathrm{N_2O}$ , $\mathrm{H_2O}$
Pirooksaayidii	Linkii $-O-O-$ kan oksijiiniin state $-1$ keessatti argamu of keessaa qaba	$\mathrm{H_2O_2}$ , $\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$ , $\mathrm{CaO_2}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gosa oksaayidii adda baasuufi wal-nyaatinsa isaanii bishaan, asiidota yookiin beezota wajjin qaban raaguuf gabatee kana fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Oksaayidoonni giddu-galeessaa akka CO, NO, fi N2O oksaayidoota simetala ta'anis ashaboo hin uuman.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 111-168 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Asiidii Qabiyyee Ol'aanaa Qabu QallisuuDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gaaffilee qajeelfama nageenya laaboraatorii fi adeemsa asiidii qallisuu irratti dhiyaatan yeroo deebistu fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gara asiidii qabiyyee ol'aanaa qabutti bishaan hin dabalini. Ho'i guddaan uumamee akka hin dhangalaaneef yeroo hunda asiidicha suuta gara bishaaniitti dabali.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 111-168 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Walitti Dhufeenya pH fi pOHFoormulaa

\mathrm{pH} + \mathrm{pOH} = 14

\mathrm{pH} + \mathrm{pOH} = 14

$\mathrm{pH}$: gatii pH $1$
$\mathrm{pOH}$: gatii pOH $1$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ho'a 25 °C irratti pH fi pOH walitti jijjiiruuf, keessattuu concentration hydroxide ion irraa pH furmaata beezawaa shallaguuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Walitti dhufeenyi kun kan hojjatu ho'a 25 °C irratti qofa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 111-168 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Shallaggii pHFoormulaa

\mathrm{pH} = -\log[\mathrm{H}^+]

\mathrm{pH} = -\log[\mathrm{H}^+]

$\mathrm{pH}$: gatii pH $1$
$[\mathrm{H}^+]$: konsantireeshinii ayoonii haayidiroojiinii $\mathrm{mol\,L^{-1}}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Fulaa kana concentration hydrogen ion fayyadamuun pH furmaata asiidawaa shallaguuf yookiin pH beekame irraa concentration hydrogen ion argachuuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Asiidota jajjaboo diprotic akka H2SO4 keessatti, concentration hydrogen ion dachaa molarity asiidichaa ta'a.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 111-168 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Asiidii, beezii fi ashaboo: hiikaa fi wal-madaalchisuuSeeraArrhenius acid · Arrhenius base · Bronsted-Lowry · +4

Jecha	Hiika isaa	Fakkeenyota
Arrhenius acid	Bishaan keessatti ayoonii hayidiroojinii gad dhiisa; furmaata keessatti akka hydronium ion $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$ tti sochoo'a	$\mathrm{HCl}$ , $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ , $\mathrm{HNO_3}$ , $\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$
Arrhenius base	Bishaan keessatti ayoonii hayidirooksaayidii gad dhiisa. Beeziin bishaanitti bulu alkali jedhama; beeziin hin bulle akka $\mathrm{CuO}$ hanga asiidii waliin wal-nyaatutti agarsiiftuu hin jijjiiru	$\mathrm{NaOH}$ , $\mathrm{KOH}$ , $\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2}$
Bronsted-Lowry	Hiikni bal'aan: asiidiin proton kenna, beeziin immoo fudhata. Ammonia asitti ramadama, sababni isaas $\mathrm{OH}$ ofii isaa osoo hin qabaatin bishaan irraa proton fudhatee hayidirooksaayidii hambisa	$\mathrm{NH_3}$
Ashaboo	Hayidiroojiniin asiidii ayoonii meetaalaan yookaan ammonium ion $\mathrm{NH_4^+}$ n yeroo bakka bu'u kan uumamu	$\mathrm{NaCl}$ , $\mathrm{KNO_3}$ , $\mathrm{CuSO_4}$ , $\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$
Wal-madaalchisuu	Asiidii fi beeziin ashaboo fi bishaan kennu. Ayoonota gidduutti $\mathrm{H^+ + OH^- \rightarrow H_2O}$ dha; ayooniin meetaalaa fi ayooniin asiidii kaan ashaboo ta'anii hafu	$\mathrm{HCl + NaOH \rightarrow NaCl + H_2O}$
Asiidii kaarboneetii irratti	Wal-nyaatinsa walitti dhiyaatu garuu adda ta'e; ashaboo, bishaanii fi kaarboon daayoksaayidii kenna	$\mathrm{2HCl + CaCO_3 \rightarrow CaCl_2 + H_2O + CO_2}$
Safartuu pH	Hojii mana barumsaatiif ho'a 25 digrii selshiyeesitti 0 hanga 14 kan barreeffamu safartuu itti fufaadha. 7 gadi asiidawaa, sirrii 7 giddu-galeessa, 7 ol beezawaa dha	pH 6.5 asiidawaa dha; pH 7.4 beezawaa dha

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin qabeenya tokko akka asiidiitti, beeziitti yookaan ashabootti akka ramaddu, yookaan wal-qixxaatuu wal-madaalchisuu akka guuttu si gaafatu fayyadami. Hiika ittiin hojjettu maqaasi, sababni isaas Arrhenius waan qabeenyichi bishaan keessatti gad dhiisu ibsa, Bronsted-Lowry immoo proton kennamee fi fudhatame ibsa.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni haala tokkoof tokko HCl fi NaOH asiidii hayidiroojinii lama qabu irratti garagalchanii H2SO4 fi NaOH NaSO4 fi H2O kennu jedhanii barreessu. Hayidiroojiniin lamaanuu bakka bu'uu waan qabaniif ashaboon Na2SO4 dha, ayoonii soodiyeemii lama ayoonii salfeetii tokkoof, wal-qixxaatuun immoo NaOH lamaa fi H2O lama barbaada. Jalqaba ashaboo sana charge ayoonotaa irraa ijaari, sana booda madaalsisi. Dogoggorri walfakkaataan calcium hydroxide waliin CaCl2 mannaa CaCl barreessisa.

Maqaalee beekamoo kompaawundoota keemikaalaaGabatee wabiiQuicklime · Slaked lime · Limestone, marble, chalk · +19

Maqaa beekamaa	Maqaa keemikaalaa	Foormulaa
Quicklime	Calcium oxide	$\mathrm{CaO}$
Slaked lime	Calcium hydroxide	$\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2}$
Limestone, marble, chalk	Calcium carbonate	$\mathrm{CaCO_3}$
Baking soda	Sodium hydrogen carbonate	$\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$
Washing soda	Sodium carbonate decahydrate	$\mathrm{Na_2CO_3} \cdot 10\mathrm{H_2O}$
Soda ash	Sodium carbonate	$\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$
Caustic soda	Sodium hydroxide	$\mathrm{NaOH}$
Blue vitriol	Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate	$\mathrm{CuSO_4} \cdot 5\mathrm{H_2O}$
White vitriol	Zinc sulphate heptahydrate	$\mathrm{ZnSO_4} \cdot 7\mathrm{H_2O}$
Oil of vitriol	Sulphuric acid	$\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$
Muriatic acid	Hydrochloric acid	$\mathrm{HCl}$
Plaster of Paris	Calcium sulphate hemihydrate	$\mathrm{2CaSO_4} \cdot \mathrm{H_2O}$
Chloroform	Trichloromethane	$\mathrm{CHCl_3}$
Glacial acetic acid	Ethanoic acid	$\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$
Spirit	Ethanol	$\mathrm{C_2H_5OH}$
Marsh gas	Methane	$\mathrm{CH_4}$
Laughing gas	Dinitrogen monoxide	$\mathrm{N_2O}$
Dry ice	Solid carbon dioxide	$\mathrm{CO_2(s)}$
Potash, pearl ash	Potassium carbonate	$\mathrm{K_2CO_3}$
Table sugar	Sucrose	$\mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}}$
Silica	Silicon dioxide	$\mathrm{SiO_2}$
Bleaching powder	Calcium chloride hypochlorite	$\mathrm{Ca(OCl)Cl}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin, asxaan yookaan maqaan gabaa maqaa beekamaa fayyadamee ati maqaa keemikaalaa barbaaddu, yookaan faallaa isaa, gabatee kana fayyadami. Utubaa foormulaa of eeggannoodhaan garagalchi, sababni isaas maqaaleen kunneen keessaa hedduun kiristaala bishaan qabu maqaasu malee ashaboo goggogaa miti.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni maqaalee lime sadan wal maku, sababni isaas sadanuu jecha sana qabu. Limestone dhagaa ati ittiin jalqabdudha, CaCO3. Yoo ho'iftu kaarboon daayoksaayidii dhabee quicklime ta'a, CaO. Isa irratti bishaan yoo dabaltu slaked lime ta'a, Ca(OH)2; slaked jechuun bishaan itti dabalameera jechuu waan ta'eef sadan keessaa kan OH qabu isa qofa. Vitriols fi washing soda irra kiyyoon lammaffaan jira: maqaaleen sun kiristaala bishaan qabu maqaasu. Blue vitriol copper sulphate pentahydrate yoo ta'u, kan cuquliisa isa taasisu bishaan sanadha; bishaanicha yoo baaste anhydrous CuSO4 adii argatta, isa kanas namni tokko iyyuu blue vitriol hin jedhu.

Ri'aakshiniiwwan asiidii shananGabatee wabiiMetal hydroxide · Metal above hydrogen · Metal carbonate · +2

Asiidiin kan waliin hojjetu	Bu'aan argamu	Fakkeenya
Metal hydroxide	Soogidda fi bishaan. Kun neutralization dha.	$\mathrm{HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_{2}O(l)}$
Metal above hydrogen	Soogidda fi gaasii hydrogen; kunis kan ta'u yoo asiidichi akka dilute HCl yookaan dilute H2SO4 kan bishaaneffame fi hin oksidaa'in ta'e qofa. Copper, silver fi gold reactivity series keessatti hydrogen jala waan jiraniif dilute HCl waliin homaa hin hojjetan.	$\mathrm{Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow ZnCl_{2}(aq) + H_{2}(g)}$
Metal carbonate	Soogidda, bishaan fi carbon dioxide. Hydrogencarbonate sibiilaas bu'aawwan sadan wal fakkaatan kenna.	$\mathrm{CaCO_{3}(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow CaCl_{2}(aq) + H_{2}O(l) + CO_{2}(g)}$
Metal oxide	Soogidda fi bishaan. Oxide sibiilaa basic oxide waan ta'eef kunis neutralization dha.	$\mathrm{CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow CuCl_{2}(aq) + H_{2}O(l)}$
Ammonia	Soogidda ammonium qofa; bishaan hin argamu. Asitti kan base ta'e ammonia dha, garuu hydroxide yookaan oxide waan hin qabneef wanti bishaan ittiin ijaaramu hin jiru. NH4Cl akka jajjaboo adiitti uumama.	$\mathrm{NH_{3}(g) + HCl(g) \rightarrow NH_{4}Cl(s)}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo bu'aa ri'aakshinii asiidii tokkoo tilmaamuu qabdu yookaan wal-qixxaattuu madaalame barreessuu qabdu fayyadami. Hydrogen asiidichaa yeroo sibiilaan yookaan ayoonii ammonium bakka bu'u soogiddi uumama, tarreewwan shanan kana keessaa tokkoon tokkoon isaanii soogidda tokko kennu.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni valency sibiilaa osoo hin mirkaneeffatin soogidda barreessu, kanaafuu Zn + HCl, ZnCl + H2 kenna jedhanii barreessu; lakkoofsa 2 kan HCl dura ta'uu qabus hin argatan. Duraan dursii soogidda ba'aa ayoonii irraa ijaari, sababiin isaas Zn2+ Cl- waliin ZnCl2 kennaaf; ergasii asiidicha isaan wal simsiisi. Amalli osoo hin mirkaneeffatin bocarra deemuu kun dogoggora biraa beekamaas fida: Cu + 2HCl, CuCl2 + H2 kenna jechuu. Copper reactivity series keessatti hydrogen jala waan jiruuf homtuu hin ta'u, kanaafuu tarree afraffaa irratti copper akka CuO ta'ee dhufe.

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the textbook, what is an oxide?

A.A binary compound containing oxygen and any other element
B.A ternary compound containing hydrogen, oxygen, and a metal
C.Any compound containing carbon and oxygen
D.A substance that produces hydroxide ions in water

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A A binary compound containing oxygen and any other element

Sababa

Oxides are binary compounds consisting of oxygen and any other element (metal, non-metal, or metalloid).

Gaaffii 2

What colour does phenolphthalein develop in an aqueous solution of a basic oxide or base?

A.Colourless
B.Pink (red)
C.Yellow
D.Orange

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Pink (red)

Sababa

Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic solutions and turns pink (red) in basic solutions.

Gaaffii 3

According to the Arrhenius definition, what is an acid?

A.A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
B.A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in aqueous solution
C.A compound that turns litmus paper blue
D.A substance that accepts protons from water

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in aqueous solution

Sababa

Arrhenius defined an acid as a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) in aqueous solution.

Gaaffii 4

Which of the following acids is classified as a diprotic acid?

A.HCl
B.HNO3
C.H2SO4
D.H3PO4

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C H2SO4

Sababa

Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) contains two ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule, making it a diprotic acid.

Gaaffii 5

Which of the following oxides shows both acidic and basic behavior and is classified as an amphoteric oxide?

A.Na2O
B.SO2
C.Al2O3
D.CaO

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Al2O3

Sababa

Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) reacts with both strong acids and strong bases to form salt and water, which makes it an amphoteric oxide.

Gaaffii 6

Which pair consists only of neutral oxides?

A.CO and N2O
B.SO2 and CO2
C.Na2O and CaO
D.Al2O3 and ZnO

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A CO and N2O

Sababa

Carbon monoxide (CO) and dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) do not react with acids or bases, so they are neutral oxides.

Gaaffii 7

When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), which gas is evolved?

A.Hydrogen gas (H2)
B.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
C.Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
D.Oxygen gas (O2)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Sababa

Acids react with carbonates to produce a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas (CO₂).

Gaaffii 8

When preparing a dilute solution of concentrated sulfuric acid in a chemistry laboratory in Hawassa, what is the safe procedure?

A.Pour water quickly into the concentrated acid
B.Pour the concentrated acid slowly into water
C.Boil the concentrated acid before mixing with water
D.Add solid sodium carbonate directly into the pure acid

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Pour the concentrated acid slowly into water

Sababa

To dilute concentrated acids safely, always pour the concentrated acid into water, never water into the acid.

Gaaffii 9

A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 0.01 M. What is its pH value?

A.1
B.2
C.7
D.12

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 2

Sababa

Because HCl is a strong acid, [H⁺] = 0.01 M = 1.0 × 10^-2 M. Therefore, pH = -log(1.0 × 10^-2) = 2.

Gaaffii 10

What is the oxidation state of oxygen in peroxides such as Na₂O₂ and CaO₂?

A.-2
B.-1
C.+1
D.+2

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B -1

Sababa

Peroxides are compounds in which oxygen has an oxidation number of -1 and contains the -O-O- link.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 111 hanga fuula 168 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 307

PDF buufadhaa

Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 10 hunda

Boqonnaa kana appii keessatti shaakali

Temari boqonnaa kana gara shaakala yeroon daangeffametti jijjiira; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa; wanti si hin galinis barsiisaa AI tiin ni ibsama.

Bilisaan jalqabi

Temari.et appii Android qaba; Google Play irratti bilisaan argama.

Waa'ee appii Temari