Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa
Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.
Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Mallattoofi gochaalee anodii fi kaatodii seelota keessatti beekuuf itti fayyadami.
Of eeggadhu
Oxidation yeroo hunda anodii irratti, reduction immoo kaatodii irratti raawwatama. Haa ta'u malee, anodiin seelii Galvanic keessatti negaatiivii (-), seelii electrolytic keessatti poozatiivii (+) dha.
Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 169-200 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
| Amala | Galvanic (Voltaic) Cell | Electrolytic Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Jijjiirama anniisaa | Chemical energy gara electrical energytti | Electrical energy gara chemical energytti |
| Redox reaction | Spontaneous | Nonspontaneous |
| Mallattoo fi adeemsa anode | Negative (-), Oxidation | Positive (+), Oxidation |
| Mallattoo fi adeemsa cathode | Positive (+), Reduction | Negative (-), Reduction |
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Garaagarummaa baatriifi elektiroolayisisi adda baasuuf itti fayyadami.
Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 169-200 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
| Amala | Metallic Conduction | Electrolytic Conduction |
|---|---|---|
| Baattuuwwan charge | Electrons (delocalized ta'an) | Ions (cations fi anions) |
| Daddarbinsa matter | Daddarbinsi matter hin jiru | Daddarbinsa ions of keessaa qaba |
| Jijjiirama chemical | Jijjiiramni chemical hin jiru | Chemical decomposition ni uumama |
| Dhiibbaa temperature | Yeroo temperature dabalu conductivityn ni hir'ata | Yeroo temperature dabalu conductivityn ni dabala |
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Dabarsuu karentii sibiilotaafi yaatuuwwan dhangala'oo gidduu jiru walbira qabuuf itti fayyadami.
Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 169-200 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Jijjiirama teempireecharaa keessatti ho'a daddarbu shallaguuf itti fayyadami.
Of eeggadhu
Garaagarummaan teempireecharaa Kelvin fi Celsius keessatti wal qixa waan ta'eef lakkoofsi jijjiiramaa tokkuma.
Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 169-200 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.
Gaaffii 1
For an exothermic chemical reaction, what is the sign and value of the enthalpy change (ΔH)?
Deebii: B Negative, ΔH < 0
Sababa
In an exothermic reaction, heat is released to the surroundings, meaning the enthalpy of products is less than the enthalpy of reactants. Therefore, ΔH is negative (ΔH < 0).
Gaaffii 2
What are the charge carriers responsible for electrical conductivity in electrolytic solutions?
Deebii: C Cations and anions
Sababa
Electrolytic conduction occurs due to the movement of ions (positively charged cations and negatively charged anions) through the solution or molten salt.
Gaaffii 3
In a Daniell voltaic cell, what is the primary role of the salt bridge?
Deebii: B To maintain electrical neutrality between the two solutions
Sababa
The salt bridge allows ions to flow between the two half-cell compartments to maintain electrical neutrality so that the cell can continue to generate electricity.
Gaaffii 4
Which of the following is classified as a rechargeable secondary voltaic cell?
Deebii: C Lead storage battery
Sababa
A lead storage battery is a secondary cell because the chemical reactions are reversible and the battery can be recharged by passing a direct electric current through it.
Gaaffii 5
What is the SI unit of heat capacity according to the textbook?
Deebii: A Joule per Kelvin (J/K)
Sababa
Heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 K (Heat capacity = q/ΔT), so its unit is Joule per Kelvin (J/K).
Gaaffii 6
How does an increase in temperature affect metallic conduction and electrolytic conduction?
Deebii: B Metallic conduction decreases, electrolytic conduction increases
Sababa
In metals, higher temperatures increase the vibration of kernels and create obstacles to electron flow, decreasing conductivity. In electrolytes, higher temperatures increase ion mobility, increasing conductivity.
Gaaffii 7
In a zinc-carbon dry cell (Leclanche cell), which component serves as the anode?
Deebii: B The outer zinc can
Sababa
The Leclanche dry cell uses the zinc can as the anode, where zinc is oxidized to Zn2+, and a central graphite rod surrounded by paste as the cathode.
Gaaffii 8
A 12 V car battery used in Hawassa contains how many individual lead-storage cells connected in series, and what voltage does each cell deliver?
Deebii: B 6 cells, each delivering 2.0 V
Sababa
Each single lead-storage cell delivers about 2 V. Therefore, six cells connected in series provide a total of 12 V.
Gaaffii 9
During the commercial electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl), what half-reaction occurs at the cathode?
Deebii: A Na<sup>+</sup>(l) + e<sup>-</sup> → Na(l)
Sababa
Reduction always takes place at the cathode. In molten NaCl, positive sodium ions (Na+) gain electrons to form liquid sodium metal: Na+(l) + e- → Na(l).
Gaaffii 10
When an automobile lead-storage battery is discharging (in operation), what solid substance is formed at both the anode and the cathode?
Deebii: C PbSO<sub>4</sub>(s)
Sababa
During discharge, the anode reaction converts Pb to PbSO4(s), and the cathode reaction converts PbO2 to PbSO4(s). Thus, lead(II) sulfate is produced at both electrodes.
Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.
Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 169 hanga fuula 200 ti.
Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 307
Temari boqonnaa kana gara shaakala yeroon daangeffametti jijjiira; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa; wanti si hin galinis barsiisaa AI tiin ni ibsama.
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