የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ10ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ ምዕራፍ 4

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ10ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

4
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 169–200
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

1.Energy Changes in Electrochemistry
2.Electrochemical Cells
3.Electrolysis

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ10ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የኤሌክትሮድ ፖላሪቲ ስህተትየተለመደ ስህተት

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በኤሌክትሮኬሚካል ሴሎች ውስጥ የአኖድ እና ካቶድ ቻርጅ እንዲሁም ሪአክሽን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

Oxidation ሁልጊዜ በአኖድ እና reduction በካቶድ ላይ ይከናወናል። ነገር ግን አኖድ በ Galvanic cell አሉታዊ (-) ሲሆን በ Electrolytic cell አዎንታዊ (+) ነው።

ከGrade 10 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 169-200 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Galvanic እና electrolytic ሴሎችየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥየኢነርጂ ለውጥ · Redox reaction · የAnode ምልክት እና ሂደት · +1

ባህሪ	Galvanic (Voltaic) Cell	Electrolytic Cell
የኢነርጂ ለውጥ	ከChemical energy ወደ electrical energy	ከElectrical energy ወደ chemical energy
Redox reaction	Spontaneous	Nonspontaneous
የAnode ምልክት እና ሂደት	Negative (-), Oxidation	Positive (+), Oxidation
የCathode ምልክት እና ሂደት	Positive (+), Reduction	Negative (-), Reduction

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በባትሪዎች እና በኤሌክትሮላይሲስ ሴሎች መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት ለመለየት ይጠቀሙ።

ከGrade 10 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 169-200 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Metallic እና electrolytic conduction ልዩነትየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥየ Charge ተሸካሚዎች · የ Matter ዝውውር · Chemical ለውጥ · +1

ባህሪ	Metallic Conduction	Electrolytic Conduction
የ Charge ተሸካሚዎች	Electrons (delocalized የሆኑ)	Ions (cations እና anions)
የ Matter ዝውውር	ምንም የ Matter ዝውውር የለም	የ Ions ዝውውርን ያካትታል
Chemical ለውጥ	ምንም Chemical ለውጥ የለም	Chemical decomposition ይከሰታል
የ Temperature ተጽዕኖ	Temperature ሲጨምር Conductivity ይቀንሳል	Temperature ሲጨምር Conductivity ይጨምራል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በብረታ ብረት እና በፈሳሽ ኤሌክትሮላይት መካከል ያለውን የኮንዳክሽን ልዩነት ለማነጻጸር ይጠቀሙ።

ከGrade 10 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 169-200 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የሙቀት መጠን ስሌትቀመር

q = c \cdot m \cdot \Delta T

q = c \cdot m \cdot \Delta T

$q$: የተወሰደ ወይም የተለቀቀ ሙቀት (Heat) $\text{J}$
$c$: ልዩ የሙቀት አቅም $\text{J}\,\text{kg}^{-1}\,\text{K}^{-1}$
$m$: የቁሱ መጠን (Mass) $\text{kg}$
$\Delta T$: የሙቀት መጠን ለውጥ (Temperature change) $\text{K}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በሙቀት ለውጥ ወቅት የተላለፈውን የሙቀት መጠን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የሙቀት ልዩነት በ Kelvin እና በ Celsius እኩል በመሆኑ የልዩነቱ ቁጥር አይለወጥም።

ከGrade 10 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 169-200 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

For an exothermic chemical reaction, what is the sign and value of the enthalpy change (ΔH)?

A.Positive, ΔH > 0
B.Negative, ΔH < 0
C.Zero, ΔH = 0
D.It is always undefined

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Negative, ΔH < 0

ምክንያቱ

In an exothermic reaction, heat is released to the surroundings, meaning the enthalpy of products is less than the enthalpy of reactants. Therefore, ΔH is negative (ΔH < 0).

ጥያቄ 2

What are the charge carriers responsible for electrical conductivity in electrolytic solutions?

A.Delocalized electrons only
B.Protons and neutrons
C.Cations and anions
D.Neutral molecules

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Cations and anions

ምክንያቱ

Electrolytic conduction occurs due to the movement of ions (positively charged cations and negatively charged anions) through the solution or molten salt.

ጥያቄ 3

In a Daniell voltaic cell, what is the primary role of the salt bridge?

A.To provide mechanical strength to the electrodes
B.To maintain electrical neutrality between the two solutions
C.To supply electrons directly to the external circuit
D.To stop the flow of ions between compartments

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B To maintain electrical neutrality between the two solutions

ምክንያቱ

The salt bridge allows ions to flow between the two half-cell compartments to maintain electrical neutrality so that the cell can continue to generate electricity.

ጥያቄ 4

Which of the following is classified as a rechargeable secondary voltaic cell?

A.Daniell cell
B.Zinc-carbon (Leclanche) cell
C.Lead storage battery
D.Dry cell

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Lead storage battery

ምክንያቱ

A lead storage battery is a secondary cell because the chemical reactions are reversible and the battery can be recharged by passing a direct electric current through it.

ጥያቄ 5

What is the SI unit of heat capacity according to the textbook?

A.Joule per Kelvin (J/K)
B.Joule per gram (J/g)
C.Calorie per gram (cal/g)
D.Kelvin per Joule (K/J)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Joule per Kelvin (J/K)

ምክንያቱ

Heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 K (Heat capacity = q/ΔT), so its unit is Joule per Kelvin (J/K).

ጥያቄ 6

How does an increase in temperature affect metallic conduction and electrolytic conduction?

A.Metallic conduction increases, electrolytic conduction decreases
B.Metallic conduction decreases, electrolytic conduction increases
C.Both metallic and electrolytic conduction increase
D.Both metallic and electrolytic conduction decrease

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Metallic conduction decreases, electrolytic conduction increases

ምክንያቱ

In metals, higher temperatures increase the vibration of kernels and create obstacles to electron flow, decreasing conductivity. In electrolytes, higher temperatures increase ion mobility, increasing conductivity.

ጥያቄ 7

In a zinc-carbon dry cell (Leclanche cell), which component serves as the anode?

A.The central graphite rod
B.The outer zinc can
C.The manganese dioxide paste
D.The ammonium chloride solution

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B The outer zinc can

ምክንያቱ

The Leclanche dry cell uses the zinc can as the anode, where zinc is oxidized to Zn²⁺, and a central graphite rod surrounded by paste as the cathode.

ጥያቄ 8

A 12 V car battery used in Hawassa contains how many individual lead-storage cells connected in series, and what voltage does each cell deliver?

A.8 cells, each delivering 1.5 V
B.6 cells, each delivering 2.0 V
C.12 cells, each delivering 1.0 V
D.4 cells, each delivering 3.0 V

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 6 cells, each delivering 2.0 V

ምክንያቱ

Each single lead-storage cell delivers about 2 V. Therefore, six cells connected in series provide a total of 12 V.

ጥያቄ 9

During the commercial electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl), what half-reaction occurs at the cathode?

A.Na+(l) + e- → Na(l)
B.Cl-(l) → 1/2 Cl2(g) + e-
C.Na(l) → Na+(l) + e-
D.2H2O(l) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Na+(l) + e- → Na(l)

ምክንያቱ

Reduction always takes place at the cathode. In molten NaCl, positive sodium ions (Na⁺) gain electrons to form liquid sodium metal: Na⁺(l) + e^- → Na(l).

ጥያቄ 10

When an automobile lead-storage battery is discharging (in operation), what solid substance is formed at both the anode and the cathode?

A.PbO2(s)
B.Pb(s)
C.PbSO4(s)
D.Pb(OH)2(s)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C PbSO4(s)

ምክንያቱ

During discharge, the anode reaction converts Pb to PbSO₄(s), and the cathode reaction converts PbO₂ to PbSO₄(s). Thus, lead(II) sulfate is produced at both electrodes.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 169 እስከ ገጽ 200 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 307 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ10ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

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