Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 6 Keemistirii kutaa 10: Haayidirookaarbonootaafi Maddoota Uumamaasaanii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 6 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

12
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6

Boqonnaan 6 maal haguuga

1.Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
2.Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes
3.Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene
4.Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 6

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Foormulaa Killeewwan Caasaa AlkeeniiFoormulaa

N = 2^{n-4} + 1

N = 2^{n-4} + 1

$N$: baayina killeewwan caasaa alkeenichaa
$n$: baayina atamoota kaarboonii, 4 hanga 7 qofaaf

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Alkeenota atamoota kaarboonii 4 hanga 7 qabaniif baay'ina killeewwan caasaa beekuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Foormulaan kun kaarboonii 4 hanga 7 qofaaf hojjeta. Kaarboonii 3 gadiifi 8 ol ta'aniif hin hojjetu.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 237 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gubannaa Guutuu AlkeenotaaFoormulaa

\mathrm{C}_n\mathrm{H}_{2n+2} + \left(\frac{3n+1}{2}\right)\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow n\,\mathrm{CO}_2 + (n+1)\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}

\mathrm{C}_n\mathrm{H}_{2n+2} + \left(\frac{3n+1}{2}\right)\mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow n\,\mathrm{CO}_2 + (n+1)\,\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}

$n$: baayina atamoota kaarboonii alkeenii keessaa

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Waliigala wal-qixxoo gubannaa alkeenii kaarboon daayoksaayidiifi bishaan kennu madaalsisuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yeroo n lakkoofsa guutuu ta'u, koo-efisiyentii oksijiinii qoodaa balleessuuf wal-qixxicha 2n baay'isaa.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 237 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gartuulee Homooloogasii HaayidirookaarbooniiGabatee wabiiAlkane · Alkene · Cycloalkane

Garee	Foormulaa Waliigalaa	Guutamtummaa	Amala Addaa
Alkane	$C_n H_{2n+2}$	Saturated	Boondiiwwan $C-C$ qeenxee qofa
Alkene	$C_n H_{2n}$	Unsaturated	Yoo xiqqaate boondii $C=C$ tokko
Cycloalkane	$C_n H_{2n}$	Saturated	Ringii kaarboonii boondii qeenxee qabu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Haayidirookaarboonota dalgaa fi qubeellaa adda baasuu, foormulaa molakiyuulaa herreguufi guutamtummaa baruuf fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Saayikilooalkeenonni foormulaa waliigalaa CnH2n alkeenota wajjin qooddatu, garuu saayikilooalkeenonni guutamoodha.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 237 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Qophii Alkeenotaa Mana YaaliittiGabatee wabiiHydrogenation · Wurtz synthesis · Decarboxylation

Gosa Re'aakshinii	Re'aaktantoota	Katalisitiifi Qoricha	Omisha
Hydrogenation	Alkene $+ \mathrm{H}_2$	$\mathrm{Pt}$ , heat	Alkane
Wurtz synthesis	$2\mathrm{R-X} + 2\mathrm{Na}$	Heat	$\mathrm{R-R} + 2\mathrm{NaX}$
Decarboxylation	$\mathrm{RCOONa} + \mathrm{NaOH}$	$\mathrm{CaO}$ , heat	$\mathrm{R-H} + \mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{CO}_3$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Mala qophii alkeenotaa mana yaalii, re'aaktantoota fi omishoota isaanii baruuf fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Dikaarbooksiileeshiniin alkeenii atamii kaarboonii tokkoon xiqqaatu kenna, sababni isaas kaarbooniin tokko gara soodiyeem kaarbooneetiitti deema.

Grade 10 Chemistry, fuula 237 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Alkanes kudhan jalqabaaGabatee wabiiMethane · Ethane · Propane · +7

Maqaa	Atamoota kaarboonii	Foormulaa molakiyulaa
Methane	1	$\mathrm{CH_4}$
Ethane	2	$\mathrm{C_2H_6}$
Propane	3	$\mathrm{C_3H_8}$
Butane	4	$\mathrm{C_4H_{10}}$
Pentane	5	$\mathrm{C_5H_{12}}$
Hexane	6	$\mathrm{C_6H_{14}}$
Heptane	7	$\mathrm{C_7H_{16}}$
Octane	8	$\mathrm{C_8H_{18}}$
Nonane	9	$\mathrm{C_9H_{20}}$
Decane	10	$\mathrm{C_{10}H_{22}}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin maqaa alkane tokkoo kennee foormulaa gaafatu, yookaan foormulaa kennee maqaa gaafatu gabatee kana fayyadami. Tarreen kun kan sarara qajeelaa qabudha, sababni isaas butane irraa kaasee foormulaan qofti kompaawundii tokko hin maqaasu: C4H10 butane dha, methylpropane illee ta'a.

Of eeggadhu

Dogoggorri lama dabaluu irraanfachuudha. Barataan lakkoofsa kaarboonii dachaa godhee dhaabuun hexane C6H12 jedhee barreessa; kun garuu kompaawundii biraa hidhaa dachaa yookaan geengoo qabudha. Fiixeen sararichaa lamaan tokkoon tokkoon isaanii hidhaa hafaa tokko waan qabaniif, alkane kamiyyuu hayidiroojinii dachaa kaarboonii isaa irraa lamaan caalu qaba, kanaaf hexane C6H14 dha. Deebii kee lakkaa'i: lakkoofsi hayidiroojinii yeroo hunda lamaan hiramaadha, akkasumas yeroo hunda dachaa kaarboonii irraa lamaan caala.

Wal-nyaatinsa addition alkenesGabatee wabiiHydrogenation · Halogenation · Hydration · +2

Wal-nyaatinsa	Wanti dabalamuu fi haalli isaa	Oomisha
Hydrogenation	$\mathrm{H_2}$ $\mathrm{Ni}$ ho'aa irratti, yookaan ho'a kutaatiin $\mathrm{Pt}$ yookaan $\mathrm{Pd}$ irratti	alkane, $\mathrm{RCH_2-CH_3}$
Halogenation	$\mathrm{Br_2}$ ho'a kutaatiin, kaatalaayizarii malee	$\mathrm{RCHBr-CH_2Br}$ , halluun burtukaanaa ni bada
Hydration	$\mathrm{H_2O}$ kaatalaayizarii asiidii waliin	secondary alcohol, $\mathrm{RCH(OH)-CH_3}$
Hydrogen halide dabaluu	$\mathrm{HBr}$ yookaan $\mathrm{HCl}$ ho'a kutaatiin	$\mathrm{RCHBr-CH_3}$ , H gara kaarboonii duraanuu hayidiroojinii baay'ee qabuutti deema
Polymerization	molakiyuulota $\mathrm{CH_2=CH_2}$ baay'ee kaatalaayizarii waliin	polyethene, $\mathrm{(-CH_2-CH_2-)_n}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo wanti tokko C=C irratti dabalamu fayyadami: hayidiroojinii, bromine, bishaan yookaan hydrogen halide. Addition hidhaa dachaa keessaa pi bond dadhabaa qofa cabsee bakka isaa hidhaa tokkichaa haaraa lama uuma; kanaafuu alkene qorraa keessatti wal-nyaata, alkane garuu hin wal-nyaatu.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni OH kaarboonii dogoggoraa irra kaa'u. Bishaan propene irratti dabalamnaan propan-2-ol kenna, CH3CH(OH)CH3, propan-1-ol miti: H gara fiixee CH2 kan duraanuu hayidiroojinii lama qabuutti waan deemuuf OH kaarboonii gidduu irratti hafa. Kiyyoon walfakkaataan HBr irrattis jira; propene 2-bromopropane kenna. Ethene fi but-2-ene adda, sababni isaas kaarboonoonni isaanii lamaan hayidiroojinii wal-qixa waan qabaniif oomishni tokko qofti danda'ama.

Qorannoo bromine water hidhaa hin guutamneefMalaAlkene, fakkeenyaaf ethene · Alkyne, fakkeenyaaf ethyne · Alkane, ifa aduu kallattii keessaa ala · +2

Wanti ujummoo keessa jiru	Wanti mul'atu	Waan agarsiisu
Alkene, fakkeenyaaf ethene	Halluun burtukaanaa yeruma sana bada; ho'is kaatalaayizariinis hin barbaachisu	Guutamaa miti. Bromine hidhaa dachaa irratti dabalama; wal-qixxaatuun kutaa 10 $\mathrm{C_2H_4 + Br_2 \rightarrow C_2H_4Br_2}$ dha
Alkyne, fakkeenyaaf ethyne	Halluun akkasuma bada, bromine dachaa ta'es ni fixa	Kunis guutamaa miti. $\mathrm{C_2H_2}$ $\mathrm{2Br_2}$ fudhatee $\mathrm{C_2H_2Br_4}$ kenna, kanaafuu qorannoon kun hidhaa dachaa fi sadeenyaa adda hin baasu
Alkane, ifa aduu kallattii keessaa ala	Halluun burtukaanaa akkuma jirutti hafa	Guutamaadha
Alkane, ifa aduu keessatti	Halluun suuta bada, hydrogen bromide immoo gad baha	Kun substitution irraa kan dhufe deebii sobaa ti, kanaaf ujummoo foddaa irraa fageessi
Phenol yookaan aldehyde	Halluun ni bada, phenol immoo hurrii adii hambisa	Laaqanni sun osoo hin guutamin bromine waliin wal-nyaata, kanaafuu qorannoon kun ofuma isaatiin gareewwan hin maqaasu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Haayidirookaarboonii guutamaa fi kan hin guutamne adda baasuuf fayyadami. Bromine water copha cophaan dabaltee raasi: yoo halluun burtukaanaa qorraa keessatti yeruma sana bade, laaqanni sun hidhaa dachaa yookaan sadeenyaa qaba.

Of eeggadhu

Dogoggora lama, lachuu qabxii nama dhabsiisu. Inni tokko furmaanni ni qulqullaa'a jedhanii barreessuudha; bromine water duraanuu ifaadha, keessaan ilaaluun ni danda'ama, kanaafuu deebiin sirriin burtukaanaa irraa gara halluu maleessaatti jijjiiramuudha. Inni lammaffaa ujummoo halluu hin qabne ragaa C=C godhanii fudhachuudha. Alkyne illee akkasuma halluu balleessa, bromine dachaa fayyadamee; kanaaf murtiin nagaa qabu kompaawundichi guutamaa miti jechuu qofa.

Substitution moo addition: haayidirookaarboonii akkamitti wal-nyaataSeeraAlkanes, C_nH_2n+2, guutamoo · Alkenes C_nH_2n fi alkynes C_nH_2n-2, kan hin guutamne · Gubannaa guutuu, haayidirookaarboonii kamiyyuu · +1

Maatii	Akkaataa wal-nyaatinsa isaa	Fakkeenya hojjetame
Alkanes, $\mathrm{C_nH_{2n+2}}$ , guutamoo	Substitution godhu, sababni isaas hidhaan banamu hin jiru. Atamiin chlorine bakka hayidiroojinii qabata, $\mathrm{HCl}$ immoo gad baha. Ifni aduu wal-nyaatinsa foncaa waan jalqabuuf, oomishni dhugaan makaa $\mathrm{CH_3Cl}$ (chloromethane), $\mathrm{CH_2Cl_2}$ , $\mathrm{CHCl_3}$ fi $\mathrm{CCl_4}$ ti	$\mathrm{CH_4 + Cl_2 \rightarrow CH_3Cl + HCl}$ , tarkaanfii jalqabaa
Alkenes $\mathrm{C_nH_{2n}}$ fi alkynes $\mathrm{C_nH_{2n-2}}$ , kan hin guutamne	Addition godhu. Hidhaan baay'ee banamee atamoonni dabalaman lamaanuu molakiyuula tokkotti galu, homaan gad hin bahu	$\mathrm{CH_2=CH_2 + H_2 \rightarrow CH_3-CH_3}$ , $\mathrm{Ni}$ ho'aa irratti
Gubannaa guutuu, haayidirookaarboonii kamiyyuu	Oksijiinii ga'aa keessatti gubachuun kaarboon daayoksaayidii fi bishaan kenna. Oksijiiniin yoo hir'ate garuu kaarboon monoksaayidii yookaan cilee kenna	$\mathrm{CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O}$
Esterification, maatii adda ta'e	Carboxylic acid alcohol waliin walitti dhufee bishaan gad baasa. Lachuu haayidirookaarboonii miti; wal-nyaatinsi kun waan deebi'uuf xiyya karaa lamaatiin barreeffama; $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ cimaan immoo kaatalaayizarii fi qooricha bishaan fudhatu malee re'aaktantii miti	$\mathrm{CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH \rightarrow CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Osoo wal-qixxaatuu tokko illee hin barreessin dura haayidirookaarboonichi wal-nyaatinsa kam akka godhu murteessuuf fayyadami. Alkane hidhaa banamu waan hin qabneef substitution godha, molakiyuula xiqqaas gad baasa; alkene yookaan alkyne immoo hidhaa isaa baay'ee banee hunda ofitti fudhata.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni adeemsa lamaan wal-qixxaatuu tokko keessatti wal maku; CH2=CH2 fi Cl2 CH3CH2Cl fi HCl kennu jedhanii barreessu, hidhaa dachaa banuudhaan HCl illee gad baasu. Atamoota lakkaa'i, dogoggorri sun yeruma sana mul'ata: bitaan C2H4Cl2 qaba, mirgi immoo C2H6Cl2, hayidiroojinii lama bakka hin jirree dhufan. Addition hunda oomisha tokkotti walitti qaba, homaa gad hin baasu; substitution garuu yeroo hunda molakiyuula xiqqaa akka HCl gad baasa. Kanaafuu deebiin alkene CH2ClCH2Cl qofa, deebiin alkane immoo CH3Cl fi HCl dha.

Alkane damee qabu moggaasuuSeeraSansalata guddicha barbaadi · Sansalaticha lakkaa'i · Substituent hundaaf lakkoofsa isaa kenni · +4

Sadarkaa	Waan hojjettu	Fakkeenya
Sansalata guddicha barbaadi	Sansalata atoomii karboonii walitti fufaa dheeraa fudhi; tarree inni itti kaafame qofa hordofuu mannaa golee irra naanna'ii lakkaa'i. Yoo sansalanni lama dheerinaan wal qixa ta'an, kan substituent baay'ee qabu fudhi.	3-ethylhexane
Sansalaticha lakkaa'i	Karboonota fiixee damee dursee bira ga'u irraa jalqabii lakkaa'i, akka substituent jalqabaa lakkoofsa gadi aanaa argatuuf.	2-methylhexane
Substituent hundaaf lakkoofsa isaa kenni	Substituent hunduu lakkoofsa karboonii sansalata guddichaa kan itti hidhame fudhata. Yoo lamaan karboonii tokko irra jiraatan, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii lakkoofsa ofii qabatu, kanaafuu lakkoofsi sun yeroo lama barreeffama.	2,2-dimethylpropane
Substituentota tartiibaan kaa'i	Maqaa sansalata guddichaa dura tartiiba qubeetiin barreessi. Yeroo tartiiba qubee kaa'tu di-, tri- fi tetra- akkasumas moggaasota jal'ataa n-, sec- fi tert- hin lakkaa'in, kanaafuu n-propyl p jalatti galmaa'a. Moggaasonni iso-, neo- fi cyclo- garuu kutaa maqaa waan ta'aniif ni lakkaa'amu.	4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
Maqaa sana tuqaalessi	Lakkoofsaa fi jecha gidduutti sarara gabaabaa (-), lakkoofsa lamaa gidduutti immoo qoodduu (,) kaa'i; ergasii sansalata guddichaa fi moggaasa boodaa isaatiin xumuri.	2,3-dimethylbutane
Yeroo lakkoofsi wal qixa ta'e adda baasi	Yoo fiixeen lamaanuu lakkoofsa jalqabaa wal fakkaatu kennan, tuuta lakkoofsota guutuu lamaan tokko tokkoon wal bira qabii ilaali; bakka garaagarummaan jalqabaa itti mul'atetti tuuta gadi aanaa fudhi. Yoo tuutonni lamaan guutummaatti wal fakkaatan, lakkoofsi gadi aanaan substituent tartiiba qubeetiin dursu argata.	3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
Substituent damee qabu moggaasi	Akka sansalata mataa isaatti ilaali; atoomii sansalata guddichaatti hidhame irratti karboonii 1 jalqabi; maqaa isaa guutuu cufaa keessa galchi.	4-(1-methylethyl)heptane

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo alkane damee qabu kaafame gara maqaa IUPAC isaatti jijjiirtu, yookaan maqaa dubbiftee caasaa isaa kaastu fayyadami. Maqaan hundinuu tartiiba tokko qabatee ijaarama: lakkoofsa bakka substituent jiru agarsiisu, moggaasa duraa substituent moggaasu, sansalata guddicha, achumaan moggaasa boodaa maatii agarsiisu; alkane keessatti yeroo hunda -ane dha.

Of eeggadhu

Dogoggorri lama qabxii baay'ee balleessa. Inni jalqabaa sansalata waraqaa irratti qajeelaatti kaafame akka sansalata guddichaatti fudhachuu dha. Tarreen karboonii shanii kan damee propyl karboonii 3 irraa qabu 3-propylpentane miti; sansalanni gara damee sanaatti gore karboonii ja'a waan qabuuf maqaan isaa 3-ethylhexane dha. Inni lammaffaan lakkoofsota di-, tri- fudhachuudhaan tartiiba qubee kaa'uu dha. Dimethyl m jalatti galmaa'a, kanaafuu maqaan sirriin 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane yoo ta'u 2,2-dimethyl-4-ethylhexane dogoggora.

Karboonii primary, secondary, tertiary fi quaternarySeeraNone · Primary · Secondary · +2

Sadarkaa	Karboonota biraa itti hidhaman	Iddoo itti argitu
None	0	karboonii methane, CH4, keessa jiru; karboonii biraa kamiyyuu waliin hin hidhamne
Primary	1	karboonota fiixee lamaan butane, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3, akkasumas karboonota lamaan ethane keessaa
Secondary	2	karboonota gidduu lamaan butane
Tertiary	3	karboonii gidduu 2-methylpropane, (CH3)3CH; garee methyl sadii fi hydrogen tokko qaba
Quaternary	4	karboonii gidduu neopentane, C(CH3)4; hydrogen tokko illee hin qabu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin atoomii karboonii tokko akka ramaddu si gaafatu, yookaan yeroo ri'aakshiniin karboonii sun hammam substituted ta'uu irratti hundaa'u fayyadami. Karboonota biraa kallattiidhaan itti hidhaman qofa lakkaa'i: tokko yoo ta'e primary, lama yoo ta'e secondary, sadii yoo ta'e tertiary, afur yoo ta'e quaternary; hydrogen illee sadarkaa karboonii irra taa'ee fudhata.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni karboonii osoo hin taane hydrogen lakkaa'u. Karboonii CH3 hydrogen sadii waan qabuuf tertiary jedhanii waamu; garuu karboonii biraa tokko qofa waan tuquuf primary dha. Hydrogen osoo hin taane olloota isaa dubbisi, sababiin isaas karboonii hydrogen baay'ee qabu isa xiqqoo substituted ta'edha, kan hydrogen hin qabne immoo quaternary dha. Kana booda kiyyoowwan lama itti aanu. Oxygen, nitrogen yookaan halogen karboonii irra jiru gonkumaa hin lakkaa'amu, kanaafuu karboonii (CH3)3C-OH keessa jiru karboonii sadii waan qabuuf tertiary dha. Amine immoo seericha guutummaatti cabsa, sababiin isaas achitti sadarkaan kan lakkaa'amu nitrogen irratti waan ta'eef, primary amine RNH2 karboonii primary waliin walitti dhufeenya homaa hin qabu.

Halogenation free-radical alkaneMalaChain initiation · Chain propagation, step 1 · Chain propagation, step 2 · +1

Sadarkaa	Wanti ta'u	Methane fi chlorine waliin
Chain initiation	Ifni ultraviolet yookaan ho'i cimaan molekiyuulii halogen wal qixxeessee kuta; elektiroonii walitti hidhaa keessaa tokko tokkoon tokkoon atoomiitti dhaqa. Wanti cabu hidhaa halogen, sababiin isaas hidhaa hunda caalaa dadhabaa waan ta'eef; free radical hafe immoo walakkaa ta'ee elektiroonii tokko kan hin wal simatin qaba, kunis akka malee sochaa'aa isa taasisa.	Cl2 Cl radical lama kenna
Chain propagation, step 1	Chlorine radical alkane irraa atoomii hydrogen tokko harkisee alkyl radical duubatti dhiisa.	CH4 + Cl radical, CH3 radical + HCl kenna
Chain propagation, step 2	Alkyl radical molekiyuulii halogen haaraa irratti bu'ee atoomii tokko fudhata, bakka isaas chlorine radical deebisa. Radical deebi'e kun sababa taateen jalqabaa tokko marsaa dheeraa akka oofu godhuu fi maqaan isaas chain reaction kan ta'eef.	CH3 radical + Cl2, CH3Cl + Cl radical kenna
Chain termination	Radical lama wal argatanii walitti makamu, sansalanni sunis achumatti dhaabata. Bu'aawwan chlorination methane keessaa ethane xiqqoo argachuun akka methyl radical jiraate ragaa dha.	CH3 radical + CH3 radical, ethane jechuunis CH3-CH3 kenna

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin akkaataa alkane chlorine yookaan bromine waliin itti ri'aakteessu si gaafatu, yookaan meekaanizimii sana barreessi jedhu fayyadami. Ri'aakshiniin substitution atoomii yookaan garee molekiyuulii keessa jiru kan biraatiin bakka buusa, alkane immoo kana kan raawwatu yeroo ifni ultraviolet yookaan ho'i cimaan dhiyaatu qofa; tartiiba kanaanis sadarkaa sadii keessa darba: chain initiation, chain propagation, chain termination.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni CH4 + Cl2, CH3Cl + HCl kenna jedhanii barreessanii achumatti dhaabu, akka waan bu'aan isaa chloromethane qulqulluu ta'eetti. Chlorine radical akkuma CH4 tuqu CH3Cl illee salphaatti waan tuquuf, bu'aan dhugaa makaa CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 fi CCl4 ti; ethane xiqqoo termination irraa dhufes itti dabalama, makaa sana gara bu'aa yeroo tokko qofa bakka bu'eetti kan dhiibu immoo methane baay'inaan dabalamee dha. Dogoggorri lammaffaan sadarkaa jalqabaa irratti argama. Baay'een isaanii CH4, methyl radical fi hydrogen radical kenna jedhanii barreessu; garuu hidhaan cabu Cl-Cl, isa makaa sana keessaa hunda caalaa dadhabaa dha, radicalonnis tuqaa tokkoon walakkaa ta'anii kaafamuu qabu malee akka Cl+ fi Cl- barreeffamuu hin qaban.

Amaloota qaamaa alkanewwaniiGabatee wabiiState at 25 degrees C · Polarity · Solubility · +4

Amala	Wanti ta'u	Sababa isaa
State at 25 degrees C	Methane irraa hanga butane (C1 hanga C4) gaasota, pentane irraa hanga heptadecane (C5 hanga C17) dhangala'aa, octadecane (C18) fi kan isaa dheeratan immoo jajjaboo akka gagaa ti.	Sararri dhangala'aa fi jajjaboo gidduu jiru qabxii baqinaatiin murtaa'a: heptadecane gara digrii selshiyeesii 22 tti, octadecane immoo gara 28 tti baqa.
Polarity	Alkanewwan nonpolar dha; dipole caqasamu hin qaban.	Karboonii fi hydrogen safartuu Pauling irratti walitti dhiyaatanii argamu: gabatee ammaa keessatti 2.55 fi 2.20, kan duraanii keessatti immoo 2.5 fi 2.1. Kanaafuu hidhaan C-H adda ba'iinsa ba'aa kan caqasamu hin qabu.
Solubility	Bishaan keessatti hin bulbulamu; furtuuwwan nonpolar akka diethyl ether, benzene yookaan carbon tetrachloride keessatti garuu salphaatti bulbulama.	Wal fakkaataan wal fakkaataa bulbula.
Density	Alkanewwan dhangala'aan gara 0.62 hanga 0.79 g/mL, gagaan paraffin jajjaboon immoo gara 0.9 g/mL ta'u; hunduu 1.00 g/mL bishaanii gadi waan ta'aniif boba'aan, kirosiiniin fi zayitiin paraffin bishaan irratti akka haguuggiitti diriiru.	Densitiin dheerina sansalataa waliin ol ba'ee dhangala'oota keessatti naannoo 0.8 g/mL irratti wal qixxaata, kanaafuu gonkumaa densitii bishaanii hin geessu.
Boiling point	Akkuma sansalanni dheeratuun suutuma ol ba'a: fiixee gabaabaa irratti CH2 tokko dabalameef gara digrii selshiyeesii 20 hanga 30, akkuma sansalanni guddachaa deemuun immoo isaa gadi.	Molekiyuuliin guddaan duumessa elektiroonii bal'aa fi salphaatti micciiramu waan qabuuf, humni London dispersion molekiyuulota ollaa gidduu jiru ni cima, adda baasuufis ho'a caalu barbaachisa.
Melting point	Waliigalatti dheerina sansalataa waliin ol ba'a, garuu sarara qajeelaan ol ba'uu mannaa asii fi achi utaalaa ol ba'a.	Sansalanni lakkoofsa guutuu qabu kiristaalii keessatti kan lakkoofsa hin guunne caalaa sirriitti walitti maxxana.
Branching	Qabxii danfinaa gadi buusa. Pentane digrii selshiyeesii 36 tti, 2-methylbutane 28 tti, 2,2-dimethylpropane immoo 9.5 tti danfa; sadanuu C5H12 dha.	Isomeerri damee qabu caalaatti walitti qabamaa fi geengoodhaan kan dhiyaate waan ta'eef molekiyuulonni ollaa fuula xiqqoo irratti wal tuqu, humni dispersion gidduu isaanii jirus ni laafa.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin alkane lama akka wal bira qabdu si gaafatu, yookaan maaliif inni tokko caalaatti ol danfa, bishaan irra taa'a, bishaan keessattis hin bulbulamu jedhee si gaafatu fayyadami. Alkanewwan molekiyuulota nonpolar yoo ta'an, wanti walitti isaan qabu humna London dispersion qofa; amalli gabatee kana keessa jiru hundinuu achi irraa madda.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni damee qabaachuun qabxii danfinaa gadi buusa jedhanii baratanii, qabxii baqinaa irrattis fayyadamu. Baquun kan murtaa'u akkaataa molekiyuulonni kiristaalii keessatti sirriitti itti walitti maxxananiin; molekiyuuliin damee qabu kan walitti qabamaa fi wal madaalaa ta'e immoo sansalata dheeraa fi laafaa caalaa sirriitti walitti maxxana: 2,2-dimethylpropane gara digrii selshiyeesii -17 tti yoo baqu, pentane sarara qajeelaa qabu immoo gara -130 tti baqa, haa ta'u malee inni damee qabu digrii selshiyeesii 27 gadi bu'ee danfa. Damee qabaachuun qabxii danfinaa gadi buusa, qabxii baqinaa garuu yeroo baay'ee ol kaasa, kanaafuu seericha fayyadamuu kee dura gaaffiin amala kam akka gaafatu mirkaneeffadhu.

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

Which scientist disproved the Vitalism theory in 1828 by synthesising urea from ammonium cyanate in the laboratory?

A.Charles-Adolphe Wurtz
B.Friedrich Wohler
C.John Dalton
D.Dmitri Mendeleev

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Friedrich Wohler

Sababa

In 1828, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler showed that the organic compound urea could be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate.

Gaaffii 2

What is the general molecular formula for open-chain saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)?

A.CnH2n
B.CnH2n-2
C.CnH2n+2
D.CnHn

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C CnH2n+2

Sababa

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds, and their general formula is C_nH_2n+2.

Gaaffii 3

In the alkane homologous series, each consecutive member differs from the preceding one by which constant group?

A.-CH3-
B.-CH2-
C.-CH-
D.-C2H4-

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B -CH2-

Sababa

In a homologous series, each successive member differs from the previous member by a constant -CH₂- (methylene) unit, which has a molecular mass of 14.

Gaaffii 4

At room temperature (25 °C and 1 atm), which of the following alkanes exists in the gaseous state?

A.Propane (C3H8)
B.Pentane (C5H12)
C.Hexane (C6H14)
D.Octane (C8H18)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Propane (C3H8)

Sababa

The first four unbranched alkanes (C₁ to C₄: methane, ethane, propane, and butane) are gases at room temperature. Alkanes from C₅ to C₁₇ are liquids.

Gaaffii 5

In a laboratory experiment in Addis Ababa, a student heats sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) with soda lime (NaOH and CaO). Which gas is collected?

A.Ethene
B.Ethane
C.Methane
D.Propane

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Methane

Sababa

Heating the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid with soda lime is a decarboxylation reaction. Sodium acetate produces methane: CH₃COONa + NaOH (with CaO and heat) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

Gaaffii 6

How is a carbon atom classified if it is directly connected to three other carbon atoms in an alkane chain?

A.Primary (1°) carbon
B.Secondary (2°) carbon
C.Tertiary (3°) carbon
D.Quaternary (4°) carbon

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Tertiary (3°) carbon

Sababa

A carbon atom bonded directly to one carbon is primary (1°), to two carbons is secondary (2°), to three carbons is tertiary (3°), and to four carbons is quaternary (4°).

Gaaffii 7

What alkane is formed when methyl chloride reacts with sodium metal in a Wurtz synthesis reaction?

A.Methane
B.Ethane
C.Propane
D.Butane

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Ethane

Sababa

The Wurtz reaction couples two alkyl groups: 2CH₃Cl + 2Na → CH₃-CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.

Gaaffii 8

According to the textbook classification, which of the following groups of hydrocarbons has no functional group?

A.Alkenes
B.Alkynes
C.Alkanes
D.Haloalkanes

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Alkanes

Sababa

Alkanes do not have a functional group because they contain only unreactive single C-C and C-H bonds, whereas alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds and alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds.

Gaaffii 9

A farmer in Hawassa uses a biogas stove. Based on the balanced combustion equation, how many moles of oxygen (O₂) are needed to completely burn one mole of methane (CH₄)?

A.1 mole
B.2 moles
C.3 moles
D.4 moles

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 2 moles

Sababa

The balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane is CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + energy. Thus, 2 moles of O₂ are consumed per mole of CH₄.

Gaaffii 10

Using the textbook formula 2^n-4 + 1 for calculating the number of isomers of alkanes with 4 to 7 carbon atoms, how many structural isomers does heptane (C₇H₁₆) have?