Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 2 Diinagdee kutaa 10: Tiyooriilee Fedhii fi Dhiyeessii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 2 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2: 17–48
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 maal haguuga

1.Theory of Demand
2.Theory of Supply
3.Market Equilibrium
4.Elasticities of Demand and Supply

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 2

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Arc Price Elasticity of DemandFoormulaa

E_d = \frac{Q_2 - Q_1}{P_2 - P_1} \cdot \frac{P_1 + P_2}{Q_1 + Q_2}

E_d = \frac{Q_2 - Q_1}{P_2 - P_1} \cdot \frac{P_1 + P_2}{Q_1 + Q_2}

$E_d$: Elastisitii gatii fedhii $\text{dimensionless}$
$Q_1$: Hamma fedhii duraa $\text{units}$
$Q_2$: Hamma fedhii haaraa $\text{units}$
$P_1$: Gatii duraa $\text{Birr}$
$P_2$: Gatii haaraa $\text{Birr}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gama gatii qabxiilee lama gidduu jiru irratti price elasticity of demand herreguuf kanatti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Kutaa lammaffaa keessatti gatii buuraa qofa osoo hin tain idaama gatiitiifi baayinaa fayyadamuu mirkaneeffadhu.

Grade 10 Economics, fuula 17-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Garaagarummaa Change in Quantity Demanded fi Change in DemandDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sochii sarara tokkorra jiruufi jijjiirama sarara guutuu adda baasuuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Jijjiiramni gatii meeshaa sanaa sochii sararicharraa (change in quantity demanded) qofa fida. Determinants gatiin alaa ta'an qofti sarara guutuu gara biraatti jijjiiru (change in demand).

Grade 10 Economics, fuula 17-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Hiika Cross-Price ElasticityGabatee wabiiE_xy > 0 · E_xy < 0 · E_xy = 0

Bu'aa Cross Elasticity	Hariiroo	Amala Fayyadamaa
$E_{xy} > 0$	Substitute goods (Mi'oota bakka bu'oo)	Price of Y yeroo dabalu, Demand for X ni dabala
$E_{xy} < 0$	Complementary goods (Mi'oota wal guutan)	Price of Y yeroo dabalu, Demand for X ni xiqqaata
$E_{xy} = 0$	Independent goods (Mi'oota walaba ta'an)	Price of Y dhiibbaa Demand for X irratti hin qabu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Mallattoo cross-price elasticity irratti hundaa'uun meeshaaleen lamaan substitute, complementary, yookiin independent ta'uu adda baasuuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Cross elasticity irratti absolute value hin fudhatin. Mallattoon ida'uu yookiin hir'isuu hariiroo meeshaalee sanaa murteessa.

Grade 10 Economics, fuula 17-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Sadarkaalee Price Elasticity of DemandGabatee wabii|E_d| > 1 · |E_d| = 1 · 0 < |E_d| < 1 · +2

Gatii Elasticity	Ramaddii	Hiika
$\|E_d\| > 1$	Elastic	% jijjiirama Quantity demanded > % jijjiirama Price
$\|E_d\| = 1$	Unitary elastic	% jijjiirama Quantity demanded = % jijjiirama Price
$0 < \|E_d\| < 1$	Inelastic	% jijjiirama Quantity demanded < % jijjiirama Price
$\|E_d\| = 0$	Perfectly inelastic	Yeroo Price jijjiiramu Quantity demanded hin jijjiiramu
$\|E_d\| = \infty$	Perfectly elastic	Price kenname irratti jijjiirama daangaa hin qabne kan Quantity demanded

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Buaa lakkoofsaa price elasticity of demand herregame ramaduufi hiikuuf itti fayyadami.

Grade 10 Economics, fuula 17-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Haala Market EquilibriumFoormulaa

Q_d = Q_s

Q_d = Q_s

$Q_d$: Hamma fedhii $\text{units}$
$Q_s$: Hamma dhiyeessii $\text{units}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Hojii demand fi supply walitti qixxeessuun gatii fi baay'ina equilibrium argachuuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gatiin gabaa gatii equilibrium ol yoo ta'e surplus uuma. Yoo gadi ta'e immoo shortage uuma.

Grade 10 Economics, fuula 17-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the textbook, demand for a commodity consists of which two essential components?

A.Desire to buy and government permission
B.Willingness to buy and ability to pay
C.Willingness to produce and cost of inputs
D.Consumer preference and seller profit

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Willingness to buy and ability to pay

Sababa

Demand is defined as the desire to acquire a commodity along with the willingness to buy it and the ability to pay for it (Demand = Willingness to buy + Ability to pay).

Gaaffii 2

What does the law of demand state about the relationship between the price of a good and its quantity demanded, ceteris paribus?

A.Price and quantity demanded are directly related.
B.Price and quantity demanded are inversely related.
C.Quantity demanded remains constant when price changes.
D.Higher prices always lead to higher quantity demanded.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Price and quantity demanded are inversely related.

Sababa

The law of demand states that, holding other factors constant, the quantity demanded increases when price decreases and decreases when price increases. This is an inverse relationship.

Gaaffii 3

A downward movement along a fixed demand curve caused by a decrease in the price of the product is called:

A.an extension of demand
B.a contraction of demand
C.an increase in demand
D.a shift in demand

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A an extension of demand

Sababa

Movement along the demand curve is caused by a change in own price. A downward movement is called an extension of demand, while an upward movement is called a contraction of demand.

Gaaffii 4

Market equilibrium is achieved in a market when:

A.quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied
B.quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded
C.quantity demanded equals quantity supplied
D.the price elasticity of demand is zero

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C quantity demanded equals quantity supplied

Sababa

Market equilibrium occurs when the quantity demanded by buyers equals the quantity supplied by sellers at a specific market clearing price.

Gaaffii 5

In Ethiopia, when the price of coffee rises, consumers tend to buy more tea instead. In economics, coffee and tea are classified as:

A.complementary goods
B.substitute goods
C.independent goods
D.inferior goods

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B substitute goods

Sababa

Substitute goods are goods that can satisfy the same want in place of each other. When the price of one good rises, demand for its substitute increases.

Gaaffii 6

If a 10 percent increase in the price of a good leads to only a 2 percent decrease in quantity demanded, the demand for this product is:

A.elastic
B.inelastic
C.unitary elastic
D.perfectly elastic

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B inelastic

Sababa

When the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than the percentage change in price, the price elasticity coefficient is less than 1 (0.02 / 0.10 = 0.2), which means demand is inelastic.

Gaaffii 7

If the market price of shirts is set above the equilibrium price, what will happen in the market?

A.A shortage occurs, and buyers bid the price up.
B.A surplus occurs, and sellers bid the price down.
C.Supply decreases to zero immediately.
D.Demand shifts to the right automatically.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A surplus occurs, and sellers bid the price down.

Sababa

A price above equilibrium creates excess supply (a surplus) because sellers offer more than buyers want to purchase. Unsatisfied sellers then bid the price down toward equilibrium.

Gaaffii 8

If the cross-price elasticity of demand between good X and good Y is negative, this indicates that goods X and Y are:

A.substitute goods
B.complementary goods
C.independent goods
D.unrelated goods

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B complementary goods

Sababa

A negative cross elasticity shows that an increase in the price of one good causes a fall in the quantity demanded of the other good. Therefore, the two goods are complementary (used together).

Gaaffii 9

Suppose an individual demand function in a market is QI = 50 - 5P. If there are 100 identical buyers in this market, what is the market demand function (Qm)?

A.Qm = 500 - 50P
B.Qm = 5000 - 5P
C.Qm = 5000 - 500P
D.Qm = 50 - 500P

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Qm = 5000 - 500P

Sababa

Market demand is obtained by horizontally summing all individual demands. Multiplying the individual demand equation by 100 identical buyers gives: Qm = 100 * (50 - 5P) = 5000 - 500P.

Gaaffii 10

The market demand and supply functions for wheat are given as Qd = 80 - 3P and Qs = 9P - 40, where price P is in Birr per kg. What are the equilibrium price and quantity?