Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 1 Keemistirii kutaa 11: Caasaa Atomii fi Amaloowwan Piriyoodikii Elementootaa

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 1 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

8
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1: 1–66
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 1

Boqonnaan 1 maal haguuga

1.Dalton's Atomic Theory and the Modern Atomic Theory
2.Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory
3.Postulates of Modern Atomic Theory
4.Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
5.The Discovery of the Electron
6.Radioactivity and the Discovery of the Nucleus
7.Discovery of the Neutron
8.Make-up of the Nucleus
9.Subatomic Particles
10.Atomic Mass and Isotopes
11.Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Spectra
12.Electromagnetic Radiation
13.The Quantum Theory and Photon
14.Atomic Spectra
15.The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
16.Limitations of the Bohr Model
17.The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy
18.The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
19.The Heisenberg's Principle
20.Quantum Numbers

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 1

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

de Broglie WavelengthFoormulaa

\lambda = \frac{h}{m v}

\lambda = \frac{h}{m v}

$\lambda$: Dheerina dambalii de Broglie $\text{m}$
$h$: Dhaabbataa Planck $\text{J}\,\text{s}$
$m$: Mass qaamichaa $\text{kg}$
$v$: Velocity qaamichaa $\text{m}\,\text{s}^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sochii suudoowwan akka electron yookiin atom waliin Wavelength walqabatu shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yuunitii Planck's constant waliin sirriitti wal simsiisuuf Mass yeroo hunda kilograms keessatti ta'uu qaba.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 2-66 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Energy Ce'umsa Electron HydrogenFoormulaa

\Delta E = -2.18 \times 10^{-18} \left(\frac{1}{n_f^2} - \frac{1}{n_i^2}\right)

\Delta E = -2.18 \times 10^{-18} \left(\frac{1}{n_f^2} - \frac{1}{n_i^2}\right)

$\Delta E$: Jijjiirama Energy ce'umsaa $\text{J}$
$n_i$: Principal quantum number jalqabaa $\text{dimensionless}$
$n_f$: Principal quantum number dhumaa $\text{dimensionless}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Hydrogen keessatti yeroo electron orbits lama gidduutti utaalu Energy fudhatame yookiin gadhiifame shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Jijjiiramni Energy negaatiiva ta'e photon gadhiifamuu agarsiisa, poosatiiviin immoo fudhatamuu agarsiisa.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 2-66 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Hydrogen Emission SeriesGabatee wabiiLyman · Balmer · Paschen · +1

Series	Sadarkaa dhumaa ($n_f$)	Sadarkaa jalqabaa ($n_i$)	Naannoo spectral
Lyman	$1$	$2, 3, 4, \dots$	Ultraviolet
Balmer	$2$	$3, 4, 5, \dots$	Visible fi ultraviolet
Paschen	$3$	$4, 5, 6, \dots$	Infrared
Brackett	$4$	$5, 6, 7, \dots$	Infrared

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ce'umsa electron hydrogen keessatti garee spectral fi naannoo wavelength adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Ce'umsa n = 2 irratti xumuramu qofatu sarara mul'atu kenna. Ce'umsonni n = 1 irratti xumuraman guutummaatti ultraviolet dha.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 2-66 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Walsimsiisa Photoelectric EffectFoormulaa

\text{KE}_e = h\nu - h\nu_0

\text{KE}_e = h\nu - h\nu_0

$\text{KE}_e$: Kinetic energy electron baafamee $\text{J}$
$h$: Dhaabbataa Planck $\text{J}\,\text{s}$
$\nu$: Frequency carqqisa bu'ee $\text{s}^{-1}$
$\nu_0$: Threshold frequency sibiilichaa $\text{s}^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sibiila ifti threshold frequency ol ta'e irratti bu'e irraa Kinetic energy yookiin saffisa electron baafamee shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Frequency ifa bu'ee threshold frequency gadi yoo ta'e, qulqullinni ifaa hammam yoo dabale iyyuu electron hin bahu.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 2-66 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Photon Energy fi WavelengthFoormulaa

E = \frac{h c}{\lambda}

E = \frac{h c}{\lambda}

$E$: Energy photon tokkoo $\text{J}$
$h$: Dhaabbataa Planck $\text{J}\,\text{s}$
$c$: Saffisa ifaa $\text{m}\,\text{s}^{-1}$
$\lambda$: Dheerina dambalii $\text{m}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Wavelength carqqisa elektromaagneetikii gara Energy photon tokkootti yookiin faallaa isaa jijjiiruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Energy joules keessatti shallaguun dura yeroo hunda Wavelength nanometer irraa gara meteritti jijjiiraa.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 2-66 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Tartiiba subshell-oonni itti guutamanSeera

\mathrm{1s\;2s\;2p\;3s\;3p\;4s\;3d\;4p\;5s\;4d\;5p\;6s\;4f\;5d\;6p\;7s\;5f\;6d\;7p}

\mathrm{1s\;2s\;2p\;3s\;3p\;4s\;3d\;4p\;5s\;4d\;5p\;6s\;4f\;5d\;6p\;7s\;5f\;6d\;7p}

$\mathrm{s}$: orbital tokko; kanaaf subshell-ichi elektiroona 2 qabata
$\mathrm{p}$: orbital sadii; kanaaf subshell-ichi elektiroona 6 qabata
$\mathrm{d}$: orbital shan; kanaaf subshell-ichi elektiroona 10 qabata
$\mathrm{f}$: orbital torba; kanaaf subshell-ichi elektiroona 14 qabata
$2(2l+1)$: subshell tokko elektiroona meeqa akka qabatu quantum number ofii isaatii irraa kan lakkaa'amu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo ground state electron configuration barreessitu kamiyyuu fayyadami. Elektiroononni jalqaba subshell anniisaa gadi aanaa qabutti seenu (Aufbau); orbital tokko yoo baay'ate elektiroona lama qabata, lamaanuus spin faallaa qabu (Pauli); orbital anniisaa wal qixa qaban gidduutti immoo utuu tokkoyyuu elektiroona lammaffaa hin fudhatin dura tokkoon tokkoon isaanii tokko tokko fudhatu (Hund).

Of eeggadhu

Erga $\mathrm{3p}$ booda elektiroonni itti aanu $\mathrm{4s}$ seena malee $\mathrm{3d}$ hin seenu; kanaafuu potassium $1s^{2}\,2s^{2}\,2p^{6}\,3s^{2}\,3p^{6}\,4s^{1}$ dha. Kiyyoon isaa garuu kitaabuma sun scandium $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{1}\,4s^{2}$ jedhee barreessuu isaa ti; sababni isaas configuration xumurame lakkoofsa shell-tiin barreeffama malee tartiiba itti guutameen miti. Tartiiba armaan olii keessa guuti; deebii kee garuu tartiiba shell-tiin barreessi; yeroo atoomichi ion ta'us elektiroonota jalqaba $\mathrm{4s}$ keessaa baasi: $\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{6}$ dha malee gonkumaa $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{4}\,4s^{2}$ miti.

Chromium, copper fi subshell d walakkaa guutameDogoggora baratameChromium, Z = 24 · Copper, Z = 29 · Molybdenum, Z = 42 · +2

Elementii	Ground state	Wanti hubatamu
Chromium, $Z = 24$	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{5}\,4s^{1}$	tartiibni guutinsaa $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{4}\,4s^{2}$ tilmaama
Copper, $Z = 29$	$[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{10}\,4s^{1}$	tartiibni guutinsaa $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{9}\,4s^{2}$ tilmaama
Molybdenum, $Z = 42$	$[\mathrm{Kr}]\,4d^{5}\,5s^{1}$	bocuma chromium isa gubbaa isaa jiruu
Silver, $Z = 47$	$[\mathrm{Kr}]\,4d^{10}\,5s^{1}$	bocuma copper isa gubbaa isaa jiruu
Niobium, $Z = 41$	$[\mathrm{Kr}]\,4d^{4}\,5s^{1}$	subshell tokkoyyuu walakkaa yookaan guutuu ta'ee hin xumuramne

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo ground state elementii d-block tokkoo tartiiba guutinsaa idilee wajjin wal hin simne fayyadami: elektiroonni s tokko gara subshell d-tti darba, sababni isaas tuutni walakkaan guutame ( $d^{5}$ ) yookaan guutummaatti guutame ( $d^{10}$ ) caalaatti tasgabbaa'aa waan ta'eef. Configuration barreessite kamiyyuu elektiroonota isaa ida'uudhaan mirkaneeffadhu; ida'amni isaanii lakkoofsa atoomikii kennuu qaba.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni "walakkaan guutamuun tasgabbaa'aa dha" jedhu seera waliigalaa godhanii, yeroo subshell d shanitti yookaan kudhanitti dhihaate hunda elektiroona s tokko olkaasu. Manganese $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{5}\,4s^{2}$ dha, iron immoo $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{6}\,4s^{2}$ dha: elektiroonota lakkaa'i; kan uumame sun lakkoofsa atoomikii irraa tokkoon hir'ata. Walakkaan dogoggorichaa lammaffaan ion irratti mul'ata. Yeroo atoomichi ion ta'u elektiroonni $4s$ dursee waan ba'uuf $\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$ $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{9}$ dha, $\mathrm{Cr^{3+}}$ immoo $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{3}$ dha; gonkumaa $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{8}\,4s^{1}$ yookaan $[\mathrm{Ar}]\,3d^{2}\,4s^{1}$ hin ta'an.

Bilookota s, p, d fi fGabatee wabiis · p · d · +1

Bilookii	Configuration alaa	Bakka argamuu fi amala isaa
s	$ns^{1-2}$	Garee 1 fi 2, akkasumas hydrogen fi helium. Lamaan kana malee hundi isaanii sibiila; electropositive cimaa fi ionization energy gadi aanaa qabu; kompaawundonni isaaniis irra caalaa ionic dha. Beryllium garuu adda: $\mathrm{BeCl_2}$ covalent yoo ta'u $\mathrm{BeO}$ immoo amphoteric dha.
p	$ns^{2}\,np^{1-6}$	Garee 13 hamma 18. Bilookii sibiila, kan sibiila hin taane fi metalloid walitti qabate qofa; elektiroona valence 3 hamma 8 qaba; oxidation state isaaniis garaa garaa dha. Amalli sibiila hin taane period keessa dabalaa, group keessa immoo hir'achaa deema.
d	$(n-1)d^{1-10}\,ns^{0-2}$	Garee 3 hamma 12. Hundi isaanii sibiila; irra caalaa jajjaboo fi qabxii baqinaa olaanaa qaban; oxidation state garaa garaa, kompaawundoota halluu qaban fi catalyst hedduu kennu. Zinc, cadmium fi mercury bilookii kana keessa jiraatanis transition element miti; sababni isaas atoomni isaanii yookaan ioniin isaanii idilee subshell d gartokkoon guutame hin qabu.
f	$(n-2)f^{1-14}\,(n-1)d^{0-1}\,ns^{2}$	Tarreewwan lama gabatee guddaa jalatti maxxanfaman: lanthanoid La hamma Lu fi actinoid Ac hamma Lr, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii kudha shan. Hundi isaanii sibiila; rukkinaa fi qabxii baqinaa olaanaa qabu. Actinoid hundi radioactive dha; lanthanoid keessaa garuu promethium qofa.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo elementiin tokko bilookii kamii akka ta'e gaafatamtu, yookaan bakka inni periodic table keessatti qabu irraa ka'uudhaan configuration alaa isaa barreessitu fayyadami. Bilookiin maqaa subshell elektiroona xumuraa fudhateen waan moggaafamuuf, bakka gabateen maxxanfame elementicha kaa'e irraa osoo hin taane configuration isaa irraa dubbisi.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni n $(n-1)d$ fi $(n-2)f$ keessa jiru lakkoofsa subshell d yookaan f isaa godhanii dubbisu. n garuu shell isa alaa ti; innis lakkoofsa period-ii ti. Iron Period 4 keessa waan jiruuf $n = 4$ ; configuration isaas $(n-1)d^{6}\,ns^{2} = 3d^{6}\,4s^{2}$ dha malee gonkumaa $4d^{6}\,4s^{2}$ miti. Cerium Period 6 keessa waan jiruuf $(n-2)f$ jechuun $4f$ dha. Jalqaba elementichi period kam keessa akka jiru gaafadhu; sana booda hir'isi. Kiyyoon lammaffaa helium dha: Garee 18 keessatti neon gubbaatti waan maxxanfamuuf p-block jedhamee barreeffama; garuu $1s^{2}$ elektiroona p tokkollee hin qabu, kanaafuu helium elementii s-block dha.

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

The Greek philosopher Democritus called his tiny particles atomos. What does this word mean?

A.Indivisible
B.Empty
C.Heavy
D.Continuous

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Indivisible

Sababa

The word atomos means "indivisible". Democritus believed that if you divided matter into smaller and smaller pieces, you would eventually reach tiny particles that could not be divided any further.

Gaaffii 2

In Thomson's cathode ray tube, the beam of cathode rays bends away from one plate and toward the other. What charge do the cathode rays carry?

A.Negative
B.Positive
C.No charge
D.Both positive and negative

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Negative

Sababa

The beam bends away from the negatively charged plate and toward the positively charged plate. So the rays are negatively charged. Thomson concluded that a cathode ray is a beam of negatively charged particles, which we now call electrons.

Gaaffii 3

Which type of radioactive emission has no electric charge and is not affected by an electric or magnetic field?

A.Alpha particles
B.Beta particles
C.Gamma rays
D.Cathode rays

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Gamma rays

Sababa

Gamma (γ) rays are high-energy rays with no charge. They are not affected by an external electric or magnetic field. Alpha particles and beta particles are both deflected by charged plates.

Gaaffii 4

Carbon has an atomic number of 6. Naturally occurring carbon-13 (¹³C) has a mass number of 13. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of one carbon-13 atom?

A.6
B.7
C.13
D.19

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 7

Sababa

The mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons. Carbon has 6 protons, so neutrons = 13 − 6 = 7. Carbon-13 has seven neutrons, as the chapter states.

Gaaffii 5

Water is always 11.2% hydrogen by mass. What mass of hydrogen is in 18.0 g of water?

A.2.02 g
B.15.98 g
C.0.112 g
D.0.888 g

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 2.02 g

Sababa

Mass of hydrogen = 0.112 × 18.0 g = 2.02 g. Option B is the mass of oxygen, and options C and D are the answers for 1.00 g of water, not 18.0 g.

Gaaffii 6

Ethiopian National Radio, Addis Ababa station, broadcasts its AM signal at a frequency of 2400 kHz. Using c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s, what is the wavelength of this radio wave in metres?

A.125.0 m
B.0.125 m
C.12.5 m
D.1250 m

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 125.0 m

Sababa

Use λ = c / ν. The frequency is 2400 kHz = 2.4 × 10⁶ s^-1. So λ = (3.00 × 10⁸ m/s) / (2.4 × 10⁶ s^-1) = 125.0 m, as in Example 1.3.

Gaaffii 7

According to the quantum mechanical model, how many orbitals are there in the principal energy level n = 3?

A.3
B.6
C.9
D.18

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 9

Sababa

The number of orbitals in an energy level is n². For n = 3, that is 3² = 9. These are one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals and five 3d orbitals (1 + 3 + 5 = 9).

Gaaffii 8

Silver has two naturally occurring isotopes. ¹⁰⁷Ag has a mass of 106.90509 amu and 51.84% abundance. ¹⁰⁹Ag has a mass of 108.90476 amu and 48.16% abundance. What is the atomic mass of silver?

A.106.91 amu
B.107.87 amu
C.108.90 amu
D.107.00 amu

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 107.87 amu

Sababa

Multiply each isotope mass by its fractional abundance and add the results. 106.90509 × 0.5184 = 55.42 amu. 108.90476 × 0.4816 = 52.45 amu. The total is 55.42 + 52.45 = 107.87 amu.

Gaaffii 9

Copper(I) chloride emits blue light with a wavelength of 600 nm. Using h = 6.63 × 10^-34 J·s and c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s, what is the energy of one quantum (photon) of this light?

A.3.32 × 10-19 J
B.3.32 × 10-34 J
C.6.63 × 10-19 J
D.5.00 × 1014 J

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 3.32 × 10-19 J

Sababa

First find the frequency: ν = c / λ = 3.0 × 10⁸ / 6.0 × 10^-7 = 0.50 × 10¹⁵ s^-1. Then E = hν = 6.63 × 10^-34 × 0.50 × 10¹⁵ = 3.32 × 10^-19 J, as in Example 1.4.

Gaaffii 10

In a hydrogen atom, the electron falls from n = 3 to n = 2. The energy emitted is 3.03 × 10^-19 J. What is the wavelength of the emitted light?

A.656 nm
B.486 nm
C.434 nm
D.122 nm

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 656 nm

Sababa

Use ∆E = hc / λ, so λ = hc / ∆E = (6.63 × 10^-34 J·s × 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s) / (3.03 × 10^-19 J) = 6.56 × 10^-7 m = 656 nm, as in Example 1.7.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 1

Boqonnaan 1 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 1 hanga fuula 66 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 342

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 11 hunda

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