Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 6 Keemistirii kutaa 11: Kompaawundoota Oorgaanikii Oksijiinii Qaban

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 6 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

4
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6

Boqonnaan 6 maal haguuga

1.Alcohols and Ethers
2.Classification of Alcohols
3.Nomenclature of Alcohols
4.Physical Properties of Alcohols
5.Preparation of Alcohols
6.Chemical Properties of Alcohols
7.Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers
8.Physical Properties of Ethers
9.Preparation of Ethers
10.Reactions of Ethers
11.Aldehydes and Ketones
12.Nomenclature
13.Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.Carboxylic Acids
15.Structure and Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
16.Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
17.Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
18.Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
19.Fatty Acids
20.Uses of Carboxylic Acids

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 6

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Hoo'a Dihayidireeshinii Asiidii EtaanooliiDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Etaanooliin asiidii salfariikii kunsantireetii waliin hoo'ifamee alkiinii ykn eeterii kennuu isaa murteessuuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Hoo'a re'aakshinii hin walxaxin: gara etiiniitti jijjiiramuuf 170 °C yoo barbaachisu, gara daayieetiil eeteriitti jijjiiramuuf garuu 140 °C barbaachisa.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 264 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Wiliyaamsan Siinteesisi EeteriiFoormulaa

R\text{-}X + R'\text{-}O^- \rightarrow R\text{-}O\text{-}R' + X^-

R\text{-}X + R'\text{-}O^- \rightarrow R\text{-}O\text{-}R' + X^-

$R\text{-}X$: Alkayil haalaayidii $none$
$R'\text{-}O^-$: Ayoonii alkooksaayidii $none$
$R\text{-}O\text{-}R'$: Eeterii $none$
$X^-$: Ayoonii haalaayidii $none$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Eeteroota simetrikaalaa ykn ansimetrikaalaa alkiil haalaayidii fi alkooksaayid ayoonii irraa qopheessuuf fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Re'aakshiniin bakka bu'iinsaa kun ooksijiinii alkooksaayidii kallattiin kaarboonii alkiilii haaloojiinii qabatee turetti hidha.

Grade 11 Chemistry, fuula 264 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Maatiiwwan oksijiinii fi naayitiroojinii qaban adda baasuuGabatee wabiiAlcohol · Ether · Aldehyde · +5

Maatii	Gareen	Akkamitti akka adda baaftu
Alcohol	$-\mathrm{OH}$	Oksijiinichi haayidiroojinii qabatee kaarboonii tokkotti hidhameera. Ethanol, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}$ .
Ether	$\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}$	Oksijiinichi kaarboonota lama gidduu taa'a; haayidiroojinii tokkollee hin qabu. Methoxymethane, $\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}$ .
Aldehyde	$-\mathrm{CHO}$	Kaarboonni carbonyl fiixee foncaa irra jira; ammayyuu haayidiroojinii qabateera. Ethanal, $\mathrm{CH_3CHO}$ .
Ketone	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CO}-\mathrm{R}'$	Kaarboonni carbonyl foncaa keessa taa'a; gama lamaaniinuu kaarboonii qaba. Propanone, $\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}$ .
Carboxylic acid	$-\mathrm{COOH}$	Carbonyl fi hydroxyl kaarboonii tokkuma irra jiru. Ethanoic acid, $\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$ .
Ester	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COO}-\mathrm{R}'$	Kaarboonni carbonyl oksijiinii kaarboonii lammaffaa qabatetti hidhameera. Methyl ethanoate, $\mathrm{CH_3COOCH_3}$ .
Primary amine	$-\mathrm{NH_2}$	Naayitiroojiniin hidhoo tokkichaa sadii qaba; cinaa isaa carbonyl hin jiru. Ethanamine, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2NH_2}$ .
Amide	$-\mathrm{CONH_2}$	Naayitiroojiniin kallattiidhaan kaarboonii carbonyl-tti hidhameera. Ethanamide, $\mathrm{CH_3CONH_2}$ .

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo caasaan yookaan foormulaan gabaabaan fuula kee dura jiruu fi utuu kompaawundicha hin moggaasin yookaan akkaataa inni itti deebii kennu hin himin dura maatii isaa adda baasuu qabdu fayyadami. Oksijiiniin yookaan naayitiroojiniin maaltti akka hidhame dubbisi; ibsa sana gabatee kana keessaa barbaadi.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni maatii sana kan moggaasan sababa oksijiiniin jiruuf malee bakka oksijiinichi itti taa'urraa waan hin taaneef, hunda isaanii alcohol jedhu. Yoo oksijiinichi haayidiroojinii qabate alcohol dha, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}$ ; yoo kaarboonota lama gidduu taa'e immoo ether dha, $\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}$ . Lamaanuu $\mathrm{C_2H_6O}$ dha: atoomota wal fakkaatan maatii lama adda addaa keessatti. Qormaanni wal fakkaatu gabatee hafe irrattis ni hojjeta. Carbonyl fiixee foncaa irratti haayidiroojinii qabu aldehyde dha; carbonyl sanuma gama lamaaniin kaarboonii qabu immoo ketone dha; $-\mathrm{COOH}$ keessatti oksijiiniin lammaffaan haayidiroojinii qabata, $-\mathrm{COO}-$ keessatti garuu kaarboonii qabata.

Foormulaawwan waliigalaa functional groupGabatee wabiiAlcohol · Ether · Aldehyde · +4

Maatii	Functional group	Foormulaa waliigalaa	Fakkeenya
Alcohol	$-\mathrm{OH}$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{OH}$	ethanol, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}$
Ether	$-\mathrm{O}-$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{R}'$	methoxymethane, $\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}$
Aldehyde	$-\mathrm{CHO}$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO}$	ethanal, $\mathrm{CH_3CHO}$
Ketone	$-\mathrm{CO}-$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CO}-\mathrm{R}'$	propanone, $\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}$
Carboxylic acid	$-\mathrm{COOH}$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COOH}$	ethanoic acid, $\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$
Primary amine	$-\mathrm{NH_2}$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH_2}$	ethanamine, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2NH_2}$
Haloalkane	$-\mathrm{X},\ \mathrm{X} = \mathrm{F},\ \mathrm{Cl},\ \mathrm{Br},\ \mathrm{I}$	$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{X}$	chloroethane, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2Cl}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin foormulaa waliigalaa akka $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO}$ yookaan $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{R}'$ kennee maatii kam akka ta'e gaafatu, yookaan yeroo garee tokko barreessitee maatii yaadde wajjin wal simachuu isaa mirkaneeffachuu barbaaddu fayyadami. Tarreen tokkoon tokkoon isaa homologous series tokko: miseensonni isaa gareedhuma kanaa fi foormulaadhuma waliigalaa kana qooddatu; miseensonni wal duraa duubaa immoo yuunitii $-\mathrm{CH_2}-$ tokkoon adda ba'u, kunis 14 g/mol dha.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni aldehyde $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO}$ osoo hin taane $\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COH}$ jedhanii barreessu. Qubee qubeedhaan dubbisi: $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ jechuun kaarboonii hydroxyl qabate jechuu dha, innis alcohol dha; kanaafuu qubeen tokko jijjiiramuun maatii guutuu jijjiira. Haayidiroojiniin oksijiinii dura dhufa. Of eeggannoon wal fakkaatu aldehyde ketone irraa adda baasa. Lamaanuu $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$ qabu; aldehyde keessatti garuu kaarboonni sun ammayyuu haayidiroojinii waan qabatuuf fiixee foncaa irra taa'a, $\mathrm{CH_3CHO}$ ; ketone keessatti immoo kaarboonota lama gidduutti qabameera, $\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}$ .

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

Which group is the functional group of an alcohol?

A.Carbonyl group (C=O)
B.Hydroxyl group (-OH)
C.Carboxyl group (-COOH)
D.Ether linkage (R-O-R)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Sababa

The functional group of an alcohol is the hydroxyl group, -OH. It gives alcohols their special chemical and physical properties.

Gaaffii 2

Which of these is a monohydric alcohol?

A.Ethane-1,2-diol
B.Propane-1,2,3-triol
C.1-Propanol
D.1,3-Propanediol

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 1-Propanol

Sababa

A monohydric alcohol has only one hydroxyl (-OH) group. 1-Propanol has one -OH group. The other three choices have two or three -OH groups.

Gaaffii 3

Propane-1,2,3-triol, also called glycerol, is which type of alcohol?

A.Monohydric
B.Dihydric
C.Ether
D.Trihydric

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D Trihydric

Sababa

The name shows three -OH groups (the 1,2,3 positions). Alcohols with three hydroxyl groups are called trihydric alcohols.

Gaaffii 4

A student in Addis Ababa compares Tella, Tej, beer and wine. Which alcohol is present in all of these alcoholic beverages?

A.Ethanol
B.Methanol
C.1-Butanol
D.Glycerol

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Ethanol

Sababa

The textbook says that the only alcohol present in all alcoholic beverages is ethanol. Methanol, 1-butanol and glycerol are not in all of them.

Gaaffii 5

Which of these is a primary (1°) alcohol?

A.2-Propanol
B.2-Butanol
C.2-Methyl-2-propanol
D.1-Butanol

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D 1-Butanol

Sababa

In a primary alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group is attached to only one alkyl group. In 1-butanol, the -OH is on carbon 1, which is joined to only one other carbon. The other three are secondary or tertiary alcohols.

Gaaffii 6

2-Propanol is oxidized with a strong oxidizing agent. Which compound is the product?

A.Propanal
B.Propanoic acid
C.Propanone (acetone)
D.Ethanoic acid

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Propanone (acetone)

Sababa

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol gives a ketone. 2-Propanol is a secondary alcohol, so it is oxidized to propanone (acetone), as shown in Example 6.17 of your textbook.

Gaaffii 7

Ethanol is heated at 170 °C with concentrated H₂SO₄. What is the main organic product?

A.Ethene
B.Diethyl ether
C.Ethanal
D.Ethane

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Ethene

Sababa

At 170 °C, with concentrated sulphuric acid, ethanol loses a molecule of water (dehydration). This gives ethene and water: CH₃CH₂OH to CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O.

Gaaffii 8

Ethanol boils at 78 °C, but its isomer dimethyl ether boils at -24 °C. What is the main reason for this difference?

A.Ethanol has more carbon atoms than dimethyl ether.
B.Ethanol has a C=O group, which dimethyl ether does not have.
C.The polar O-H group in ethanol forms hydrogen bonds between molecules.
D.Dimethyl ether has more hydrogen atoms than ethanol.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The polar O-H group in ethanol forms hydrogen bonds between molecules.

Sababa

The textbook says the difference is due to the polar O-H group in ethanol, which forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Dimethyl ether has no O-H group, so its molecules are held together only by weak dipole-dipole forces.

Gaaffii 9

In the Williamson ether synthesis, butyl iodide (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂I) reacts with the ethoxide ion (CH₃CH₂O^-). Which ether is formed?

A.Diethyl ether
B.Butyl ethyl ether
C.Butyl methyl ether
D.Ethyl butanoate

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Butyl ethyl ether

Sababa

In the Williamson synthesis, an alkyl halide reacts with an alkoxide ion to form an ether. The butyl group from butyl iodide joins to the oxygen of the ethoxide ion, giving butyl ethyl ether, as in Example 6.23 of your textbook.

Gaaffii 10

Ethylbenzene is heated with alkaline KMnO₄. Which compound is formed?

A.Benzoic acid
B.Benzaldehyde
C.Phenol
D.Ethylbenzene (no change)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Benzoic acid

Sababa

The textbook says that an alkyl group on a benzene ring is oxidized to a carboxyl group, whatever its size. Both toluene and ethylbenzene give benzoic acid when refluxed with KMnO₄ in alkaline medium.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 6

Kitaaba barataa Keemistirii kutaa 11 guutuu, PDF bilisaan.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 342

PDF buufadhaa

Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 11 hunda

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