የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ ምዕራፍ 6፦ ኦክስጅን የያዙ አስፈላጊ ኦርጋኒክ ውህዶች

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 6 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

ምዕራፍ 6 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Alcohols and Ethers
  2. 2.Classification of Alcohols
  3. 3.Nomenclature of Alcohols
  4. 4.Physical Properties of Alcohols
  5. 5.Preparation of Alcohols
  6. 6.Chemical Properties of Alcohols
  7. 7.Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers
  8. 8.Physical Properties of Ethers
  9. 9.Preparation of Ethers
  10. 10.Reactions of Ethers
  11. 11.Aldehydes and Ketones
  12. 12.Nomenclature
  13. 13.Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
  14. 14.Carboxylic Acids
  15. 15.Structure and Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
  16. 16.Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  17. 17.Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
  18. 18.Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
  19. 19.Fatty Acids
  20. 20.Uses of Carboxylic Acids

የምዕራፍ 6 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ኢታኖል ከተከማቸ ሰልፈሪክ አሲድ ጋር ሲሞቅ አልኪን ወይም ኤተር እንደሚሰጥ ለመወሰን ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የሙቀት መጠኖቹን አያምታቱ፦ ወደ ኤቲን የሚቀየረው በ 170 °C ሲሆን ወደ ዳይኤቲል ኤተር የሚቀየረው ግን በ 140 °C ነው።

ከGrade 11 Chemistry፣ ከገጽ 264 ጀምሮ የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

R-X+R′-O−→R-O-R′+X−R\text{-}X + R'\text{-}O^- \rightarrow R\text{-}O\text{-}R' + X^-
R-XR\text{-}X
አልካይል ሃላይድnonenone
R′-O−R'\text{-}O^-
የአልኮክሳይድ አዮንnonenone
R-O-R′R\text{-}O\text{-}R'
ኤተርnonenone
X−X^-
የሃላይድ አዮንnonenone

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ሲሜትሪካል ወይም አንሲሜትሪካል ኤተሮችን ከአልኪል ሃላይድ እና ከአልኮክሳይድ አየን ለማዘጋጀት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ይህ ሰብስቲቲዩሽን ሪአክሽን የአልኮክሳይዱን ኦክስጅን ሃሎጅኑ ከነበረበት አልኪል ካርቦን ጋር በቀጥታ ያገናኛል።

ከGrade 11 Chemistry፣ ከገጽ 264 ጀምሮ የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ቤተሰብግሩፑእንዴት እንደሚለዩት
Alcohol−OH-\mathrm{OH}ኦክስጅኑ ሃይድሮጅን ይዞ ከአንድ ካርቦን ጋር ተሳስሯል። ethanol፣ CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}።
EtherC−O−C\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}ኦክስጅኑ በሁለት ካርቦኖች መካከል ተቀምጦ ምንም ሃይድሮጅን አልያዘም። methoxymethane፣ CH3OCH3\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}።
Aldehyde−CHO-\mathrm{CHO}የ carbonyl ካርቦኑ በሰንሰለቱ ጫፍ ላይ ሆኖ አሁንም ሃይድሮጅን ይዟል። ethanal፣ CH3CHO\mathrm{CH_3CHO}።
KetoneR−CO−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CO}-\mathrm{R}'የ carbonyl ካርቦኑ በሰንሰለቱ ውስጥ ሆኖ በሁለቱም ጎን ካርቦን አለው። propanone፣ CH3COCH3\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}።
Carboxylic acid−COOH-\mathrm{COOH}carbonyl እና hydroxyl በአንድ ካርቦን ላይ ተቀምጠዋል። ethanoic acid፣ CH3COOH\mathrm{CH_3COOH}።
EsterR−COO−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COO}-\mathrm{R}'የ carbonyl ካርቦኑ ሁለተኛ ካርቦን ከያዘ ኦክስጅን ጋር ተሳስሯል። methyl ethanoate፣ CH3COOCH3\mathrm{CH_3COOCH_3}።
Primary amine−NH2-\mathrm{NH_2}ናይትሮጅኑ ሦስት ነጠላ ትስስር አለው፤ በጎኑ carbonyl የለም። ethanamine፣ CH3CH2NH2\mathrm{CH_3CH_2NH_2}።
Amide−CONH2-\mathrm{CONH_2}ናይትሮጅኑ በቀጥታ ከ carbonyl ካርቦን ጋር ተሳስሯል። ethanamide፣ CH3CONH2\mathrm{CH_3CONH_2}።

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድ መዋቅር ወይም አጭር ቀመር ፊትዎ ሲኖርና ውህዱን ከመሰየምዎ ወይም ምላሹን ከመናገርዎ በፊት ቤተሰቡን መለየት ሲኖርብዎት ይጠቀሙ። ኦክስጅኑ ወይም ናይትሮጅኑ ከምን ጋር እንደተሳሰረ ያንብቡ፤ ከዚያ ያንን መግለጫ በዚህ ሰንጠረዥ ውስጥ ይፈልጉ።

ይጠንቀቁ

ተማሪዎች ቤተሰቡን የሚሰይሙት ኦክስጅን በመኖሩ እንጂ ኦክስጅኑ በሚቀመጥበት ቦታ ስላልሆነ ሁሉንም alcohol ብለው ይጠሩታል። ኦክስጅኑ ሃይድሮጅን ከያዘ alcohol ነው፣ CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}፤ በሁለት ካርቦኖች መካከል ከተቀመጠ ግን ether ነው፣ CH3OCH3\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}። ሁለቱም C2H6O\mathrm{C_2H_6O} ናቸው፦ ተመሳሳይ አቶሞች በሁለት የተለያዩ ቤተሰቦች ውስጥ። ተመሳሳዩ ፈተና በቀሪው ሰንጠረዥ ላይም ይሠራል። በሰንሰለቱ ጫፍ ላይ ሃይድሮጅን የያዘ carbonyl aldehyde ነው፤ በሁለቱም ጎን ካርቦን ያለው ተመሳሳይ carbonyl ደግሞ ketone ነው፤ በ −COOH-\mathrm{COOH} ውስጥ ሁለተኛው ኦክስጅን ሃይድሮጅን ይይዛል፣ በ −COO−-\mathrm{COO}- ውስጥ ግን ካርቦን ይይዛል።

ቤተሰብFunctional groupአጠቃላይ ቀመርምሳሌ
Alcohol−OH-\mathrm{OH}R−OH\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{OH}ethanol, CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}
Ether−O−-\mathrm{O}-R−O−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{R}'methoxymethane, CH3OCH3\mathrm{CH_3OCH_3}
Aldehyde−CHO-\mathrm{CHO}R−CHO\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO}ethanal, CH3CHO\mathrm{CH_3CHO}
Ketone−CO−-\mathrm{CO}-R−CO−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CO}-\mathrm{R}'propanone, CH3COCH3\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}
Carboxylic acid−COOH-\mathrm{COOH}R−COOH\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COOH}ethanoic acid, CH3COOH\mathrm{CH_3COOH}
Primary amine−NH2-\mathrm{NH_2}R−NH2\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{NH_2}ethanamine, CH3CH2NH2\mathrm{CH_3CH_2NH_2}
Haloalkane−X, X=F, Cl, Br, I-\mathrm{X},\ \mathrm{X} = \mathrm{F},\ \mathrm{Cl},\ \mathrm{Br},\ \mathrm{I}R−X\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{X}chloroethane, CH3CH2Cl\mathrm{CH_3CH_2Cl}

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ጥያቄው እንደ R−CHO\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO} ወይም R−O−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{R}' ያለ አጠቃላይ ቀመር ሰጥቶ የትኛውን ቤተሰብ እንደሚወክል ሲጠይቅ፣ ወይም አንድ ግሩፕ ጽፈው ካሰቡት ቤተሰብ ጋር ማመሳከር ሲፈልጉ ይጠቀሙ። እያንዳንዱ ረድፍ አንድ homologous series ነው፦ አባላቱ ይህንኑ ግሩፕና ይህንኑ አጠቃላይ ቀመር ይጋራሉ፤ ተከታታይ አባላትም በአንድ −CH2−-\mathrm{CH_2}- ይለያያሉ፣ ይኸውም 14 g/mol ነው።

ይጠንቀቁ

ተማሪዎች aldehyde ን R−CHO\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO} ሳይሆን R−COH\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COH} ብለው ይጽፉታል። ፊደል በፊደል ያንብቡት፦ C−O−H\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H} ማለት hydroxyl የያዘ ካርቦን ማለት ነው፤ ይህም alcohol ነው። ስለዚህ አንድ የተቀያየረ ፊደል ቤተሰቡን በሙሉ ይለውጠዋል። ሃይድሮጅኑ ከኦክስጅኑ ይቀድማል። ተመሳሳይ ጥንቃቄ aldehyde ን ከ ketone ይለያል። ሁለቱም C=O\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O} አላቸው፤ በ aldehyde ውስጥ ግን ያ ካርቦን አሁንም ሃይድሮጅን ስለሚይዝ በሰንሰለቱ ጫፍ ላይ ይቀመጣል፣ CH3CHO\mathrm{CH_3CHO}፤ በ ketone ውስጥ ደግሞ በሁለት ካርቦኖች መካከል ተይዟል፣ CH3COCH3\mathrm{CH_3COCH_3}።

የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

Which group is the functional group of an alcohol?

  1. A.<p>Carbonyl group (C=O)</p>
  2. B.<p>Hydroxyl group (-OH)</p>
  3. C.<p>Carboxyl group (-COOH)</p>
  4. D.<p>Ether linkage (R-O-R)</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B <p>Hydroxyl group (-OH)</p>

ምክንያቱ

The functional group of an alcohol is the hydroxyl group, -OH. It gives alcohols their special chemical and physical properties.

ጥያቄ 2

Which of these is a monohydric alcohol?

  1. A.<p>Ethane-1,2-diol</p>
  2. B.<p>Propane-1,2,3-triol</p>
  3. C.<p>1-Propanol</p>
  4. D.<p>1,3-Propanediol</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C <p>1-Propanol</p>

ምክንያቱ

A monohydric alcohol has only one hydroxyl (-OH) group. 1-Propanol has one -OH group. The other three choices have two or three -OH groups.

ጥያቄ 3

Propane-1,2,3-triol, also called glycerol, is which type of alcohol?

  1. A.<p>Monohydric</p>
  2. B.<p>Dihydric</p>
  3. C.<p>Ether</p>
  4. D.<p>Trihydric</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D <p>Trihydric</p>

ምክንያቱ

The name shows three -OH groups (the 1,2,3 positions). Alcohols with three hydroxyl groups are called trihydric alcohols.

ጥያቄ 4

A student in Addis Ababa compares Tella, Tej, beer and wine. Which alcohol is present in all of these alcoholic beverages?

  1. A.<p>Ethanol</p>
  2. B.<p>Methanol</p>
  3. C.<p>1-Butanol</p>
  4. D.<p>Glycerol</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A <p>Ethanol</p>

ምክንያቱ

The textbook says that the only alcohol present in all alcoholic beverages is ethanol. Methanol, 1-butanol and glycerol are not in all of them.

ጥያቄ 5

Which of these is a primary (1°) alcohol?

  1. A.<p>2-Propanol</p>
  2. B.<p>2-Butanol</p>
  3. C.<p>2-Methyl-2-propanol</p>
  4. D.<p>1-Butanol</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D <p>1-Butanol</p>

ምክንያቱ

In a primary alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group is attached to only one alkyl group. In 1-butanol, the -OH is on carbon 1, which is joined to only one other carbon. The other three are secondary or tertiary alcohols.

ጥያቄ 6

2-Propanol is oxidized with a strong oxidizing agent. Which compound is the product?

  1. A.<p>Propanal</p>
  2. B.<p>Propanoic acid</p>
  3. C.<p>Propanone (acetone)</p>
  4. D.<p>Ethanoic acid</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C <p>Propanone (acetone)</p>

ምክንያቱ

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol gives a ketone. 2-Propanol is a secondary alcohol, so it is oxidized to propanone (acetone), as shown in Example 6.17 of your textbook.

ጥያቄ 7

Ethanol is heated at 170 °C with concentrated H2SO4. What is the main organic product?

  1. A.<p>Ethene</p>
  2. B.<p>Diethyl ether</p>
  3. C.<p>Ethanal</p>
  4. D.<p>Ethane</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A <p>Ethene</p>

ምክንያቱ

At 170 °C, with concentrated sulphuric acid, ethanol loses a molecule of water (dehydration). This gives ethene and water: CH3CH2OH to CH2=CH2 + H2O.

ጥያቄ 8

Ethanol boils at 78 °C, but its isomer dimethyl ether boils at -24 °C. What is the main reason for this difference?

  1. A.<p>Ethanol has more carbon atoms than dimethyl ether.</p>
  2. B.<p>Ethanol has a C=O group, which dimethyl ether does not have.</p>
  3. C.<p>The polar O-H group in ethanol forms hydrogen bonds between molecules.</p>
  4. D.<p>Dimethyl ether has more hydrogen atoms than ethanol.</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C <p>The polar O-H group in ethanol forms hydrogen bonds between molecules.</p>

ምክንያቱ

The textbook says the difference is due to the polar O-H group in ethanol, which forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Dimethyl ether has no O-H group, so its molecules are held together only by weak dipole-dipole forces.

ጥያቄ 9

In the Williamson ether synthesis, butyl iodide (CH3CH2CH2CH2I) reacts with the ethoxide ion (CH3CH2O-). Which ether is formed?

  1. A.<p>Diethyl ether</p>
  2. B.<p>Butyl ethyl ether</p>
  3. C.<p>Butyl methyl ether</p>
  4. D.<p>Ethyl butanoate</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B <p>Butyl ethyl ether</p>

ምክንያቱ

In the Williamson synthesis, an alkyl halide reacts with an alkoxide ion to form an ether. The butyl group from butyl iodide joins to the oxygen of the ethoxide ion, giving butyl ethyl ether, as in Example 6.23 of your textbook.

ጥያቄ 10

Ethylbenzene is heated with alkaline KMnO4. Which compound is formed?

  1. A.<p>Benzoic acid</p>
  2. B.<p>Benzaldehyde</p>
  3. C.<p>Phenol</p>
  4. D.<p>Ethylbenzene (no change)</p>
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A <p>Benzoic acid</p>

ምክንያቱ

The textbook says that an alkyl group on a benzene ring is oxidized to a carboxyl group, whatever its size. Both toluene and ethylbenzene give benzoic acid when refluxed with KMnO4 in alkaline medium.

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