Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa
Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 5 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.
Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Gaasota qilleensa keessaa dhiibbaa greenhouse qaban adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.
Of eeggadhu
Nitrogen fi oxygen qilleensa keessaa dhibbeentaa 99 ta'anis, raadiyaashinii infrared waan hin xuuxneef dhiibbaa greenhouse hin uuman.
Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 241 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Ulaagaa green chemistry bu'uureffachuun bu'a-qabeessummaa re'aakshinii keemikaalaa safaruuf itti fayyadamaa.
Of eeggadhu
Waliigala mass oomishoota uumaman hundaatiin qoodaa malee mass oomisha cinaatti qofa hin qoodinaa.
Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 241 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
| Safartuu (Parameter) | Hiika | Gatii yookiin haala ulaagaa |
|---|---|---|
| Dissolved Oxygen (DO) | Oxygen bishaan keessatti dissolved ta'ee fi aquatic life tiif murteessaa ta'e | qulqullina gaarii dha, faalamaa dha |
| Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) | Dandeettii dissolved organic matter oxygen fayyadamuu | Sample saamsame keessatti yeroo guyyaa 5 keessatti experimentally kan safaramu |
| Threshold Limit Value (TLV) | Sadarkaa toxic pollutant kan atmosphere keessatti heyyamamu | Adverse effects tokko malee guyyaatti sa'aatii 8 exposure ta'uuf safe kan ta'e |
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Qulqullina bishaanii yookiin daangaa eegumsa qilleensaa safaruuf itti fayyadamaa.
Of eeggadhu
Gatiin BOD dabaluun faalama bishaanii argisiisa, faallaa kanaatiin DO olaanaan bishaan qulqulluu ta'uu agarsiisa.
Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 241 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
| Greenhouse gas | Turtii qilleensa keessaa | Gumaacha global warming |
|---|---|---|
| 80% waggoota 200 tura, 20% hanga waggoota 30000tti | 52.92% | |
| Waggoota 12 | 14.88% | |
| Halogenated compounds (CFCs fi HCFCs) | Ji'oota hanga waggoota kuma kurnaniitti | 10.78% |
| Tropospheric ozone () | Ji'oota muraasa | 10.72% |
| Nitrous oxide () | Waggoota 114 | 10.70% |
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Maddoota, yeroo turtii fi dhiibbaa gaasota greenhouse kanneen namtolchee ta'an walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.
Of eeggadhu
Gaasonni biroo yeroo dheeraa qilleensa keessa turuu danda'us, carbon dioxide gumaacha isa guddaa global warming keessatti qaba.
Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 241 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e
| Tarkaanfii to'annoo | Rakkoo inni irratti hojjetu | Faalamaa fi miidhaa inni geessisu |
|---|---|---|
| Gadhiisa madda irratti hir'isuu: ibiddaa fi moottora dhimma baasan fayyadamuu, akkasumas cilee fi boba'aa bakka buusuun elektiriikii haayidiroo, qilleensaa, aduu fi jiyootarmaalii irraa argamu fayyadamuu. Bosona dhaabuun kaarboonii kutaa tokko kan kuusu deggarsa dha. | Ho'ina addunyaa | Boba'aa albuudaa gubuun gadhiisa; innis infiraaredii fuula Lafaa irraa ba'u xuuxee qilleensa gadii ho'isa. |
| Pirisiipiiteetaroonni elektiroostaatikii fi calaltuuwwan korojoo daakuu baasu, iskarabaroonni jiidhaan gaazota asiidii baasu, kanvartaroonni kaataalitikii aara konkolaataa qulqulleessu, abbaan taayitaas daangaa gadhiisaa boolii aaraa irratti raawwachiisa. | Dhukkuba hargansuu | Gadhiisni warshaa fi konkolaataa daakuu, , fi qabata. Daakuun xiqqaan fi gaazonni asiidii karaa hargansuu boba'aa taasisu; bironkaayitisii fi weerara asmii fidu. Kaarboon monooksaayidiin garuu haayimoogilobiinii waliin walitti hidhamee dhiiga keessatti geejjiba oksijiinii ugguraa. |
| Boba'aa salfarii xiqqaa qabu gubuu, noorraa yookaan dhagaa noorraatiin gaazii aaraa keessaa baasuu, kunis akka kaalsiyeem salfaayitii ergasii immoo akka kaalsiyeem salfeetii qabata, akkasumas naayitiroojiin ooksaayidii hir'isuuf kanvartara kaataalitikii kaa'uu. | Rooba asiidii | , ergasii , akkasumas . Asiidiin sun biyyee fi haroo asiideessa, baala gubee oomisha midhaanii hir'isa, sibiila daakessa, dhagaa noorraa fi maarmaara nyaata. |
| Waliigalteen Moontiriyaal kan bara 1987 CFC addunyaa guutuu keessaa haqe; warshaanis gara bakka bu'oota kiloriinii hin qabnetti ce'e. | Hir'achuu uwwisa oozoonii | CFCn tirooposfeerii keessatti waan hin waliigalleef ol ba'uuf ni hafa. Ifni altiraavaayoleetii atoomii kiloriinii tokko irraa citsa; innis oozoonii karaa kaataalitikiitiin balleessa: , ergasii . Kiloriinichi waan deebi'uuf atoomiin tokko molakiyuulota oozoonii hedduu balleessa; UV-B dabalataan lafa ga'ee kaansarii gogaa fi kaataraaktii dabala, oomisha midhaaniis hir'isa. |
Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu
Yeroo gaaffiin keemistirii naannoo rakkoo faalama qilleensaa tokko, faalamaa isa duuba jiruu fi tarkaanfii to'annoo tokko akka moggaaftu si gaafatu fayyadami. Tarreen tokkoon tokkoon isaa tarkaanfii to'annoo keemistirii inni sirreessu waliin walitti fida; kanaaf deebiin kee faalamni haa hir'atu jechuu caalaa meeshaa yookaan waliigaltee maqaadhaan waama.
Of eeggadhu
Barattoonni rakkoolee gurguddaa lamaan walitti makanii boolli oozoonii ho'a dabalataa akka seensisu, yookaan kaarboon daayooksaayidiin uwwisa oozoonii akka balleessu barreessu. Adda baasi: hir'achuun oozoonii sadarkaa istiraatoosfeerii olaanaa irratti keemistirii kiloriinii ti, wanti darbus ifa altiraavaayoleetii ti. Ho'inni addunyaa garuu kaarboon daayooksaayidii fi miiteeniin qilleensa gadii keessatti infiraaredii ba'aa jiru qabuu isaanii ti. Dogoggorri wal fakkaatu deebii rooba asiidii keessattis ni mul'ata; achittis kaarboon daayooksaayidiin himatama. Roobni asiidii bu'aa salfar daayooksaayidii fi naayitiroojiin ooksaayidii ti; kaarboon daayooksaayidiin kan fidu pH 5.6 roobni qulqulluun duraanuu qabu qofa.
Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.
Gaaffii 1
According to environmental chemistry, what is the optimum level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in good quality water?
Deebii: A 4 to 8 mg L-1
Sababa
The optimum level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in good quality water is 4 to 8 mg L-1. Water with levels below 4 mg L-1 is considered polluted and unfit for consumption.
Gaaffii 2
What portion of the global water supply in the hydrosphere is fresh water?
Deebii: D Only about 1%
Sababa
Although the oceans contain vast amounts of water, only about 1% of the global water supply is fresh water.
Gaaffii 3
Which greenhouse gas of human origin contributes the largest percentage (52.92%) to global warming?
Deebii: B Carbon dioxide
Sababa
Carbon dioxide is the major contributor to global warming among gases of human origin, contributing 52.92%.
Gaaffii 4
In the atmosphere viewed as a solution, which gas is considered the solvent because it makes up about 78% of the total volume?
Deebii: C Nitrogen (N2)
Sababa
Because N2 gas is present in the greatest amount (about 78% by volume), it is considered the solvent in the atmospheric solution.
Gaaffii 5
A factory near Modjo introduces a synthetic chemical that does not occur in nature into the surrounding environment. In environmental chemistry, what is a substance called if it does not occur naturally but is introduced through human activity?
Deebii: B Contaminant
Sababa
A contaminant is defined as a substance that does not occur in nature but is introduced into the environment through human activity.
Gaaffii 6
Which step in the natural nitrogen cycle converts nitrate (NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2) to return it to the atmosphere?
Deebii: B Denitrification
Sababa
Denitrification is the biological reaction that reduces nitrate and returns N2 to the atmosphere: 2NO3- + 5(CH2O) + 4H+ → 2N2 + 7H2O + 5CO2.
Gaaffii 7
In the upper layers of the atmosphere, UV light breaks chlorofluorocarbons to produce free chlorine atoms (Cl). What products are formed when a free chlorine atom reacts with ozone (O3)?
Deebii: A Chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen (O2)
Sababa
The chemical reaction in the atmosphere is Cl + O3 → ClO + O2, converting ozone to molecular oxygen and causing ozone depletion.
Gaaffii 8
Without the natural greenhouse effect absorbing infrared radiation, what would the average temperature on Earth be?
Deebii: C 255 K (-18 degrees Celsius)
Sababa
Without the greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be 255 K (-18 degrees Celsius). Greenhouse gases raise it by 33 K to an average of 288 K (15 degrees Celsius).
Gaaffii 9
In an industrial synthesis, 514 g of reactants are used to produce 206 g of a desired pain medication along with by-products. What is the atom economy of this process?
Deebii: B 40%
Sababa
Atom economy is calculated as (Mass of desired product / Total mass of products) * 100. Here, (206 g / 514 g) * 100 = 40.08%, or about 40%, matching the original six-step synthesis of ibuprofen.
Gaaffii 10
Which greenhouse gas has an average atmospheric lifetime of 12 years and contributes about 14.88% to global warming?
Deebii: C Methane
Sababa
According to the textbook data table, methane (CH4) lasts an average of 12 years in the atmosphere and contributes 14.88% to global warming.
Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.
Kitaaba barataa Keemistirii kutaa 12 guutuu, PDF bilisaan.
Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 298
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