Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Keemistirii kutaa 12: Poliimaroota

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

4
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4: 214–240
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

1.Introduction to Polymers
2.Polymerization Reactions
3.Classification of Polymers

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Addition fi Condensation PolymerizationGabatee wabiiUlaagaa monomer · Uumama by-product · Growth mechanism · +2

Amala	Addition Polymerization	Condensation Polymerization
Ulaagaa monomer	Unsaturated molecules $C=C$ yookiin $C\equiv C$ qaban	Molecules functional groups lama yookiin isaa ol qaban
Uumama by-product	Small molecules kamiyyuu hin dhabamsiifaman	Small molecules kanneen akka $H_2O$ yookiin $CH_3OH$ ni dhabamsiisa
Growth mechanism	Chain-growth (initiation, propagation, termination)	Functional groups gidduutti Step-growth reaction gaggeeffamu
Polymer molar mass	Dachaa sirrii kan monomer molar mass	Ida'ama monomer masses dhuunfaa irra xiqqaadha
Fakkeenyota	Polyethylene, PVC, Polystyrene, Teflon	Nylon 66, Dacron, Starch, Proteins

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Adeemsa, ulaagaalee monomer, fi oomishaalee akaakuu polymerization lamaan gurguddoo gargar baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Condensation polymerization monomer garee dalagaa lama ykn isaa ol qabu barbaada, akkasumas yeroo hunda molakiyuulii xiqqaa akka bishaanii dhabamsiisa.

Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 214-240 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Synthetic Addition Polymers BeekamooGabatee wabiiPolyethylene (PE) · Polypropylene (PP) · Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) · +2

Maqaa Polymer	Maqaa Monomer	Caasaa Monomer	Fayyadama Guddaa
Polyethylene (PE)	Ethylene (Ethene)	$CH_2=CH_2$	Boorsaa pilaastikii, qaruuraa cuqqaalamu, boorsaa kosii
Polypropylene (PP)	Propylene (Propene)	$CH_2=CH-CH_3$	Haada, kaarpeetii, qodaa dishwasher keessatti dhiqamu
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	Vinyl chloride	$CH_2=CHCl$	Ujummoolee, taayilii lafaa, kootii bokkaa
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)	Methyl methacrylate	$CH_2=C(CH_3)COOCH_3$	Foddaa xiyyaaraa, ibsaa daandii (Lucite)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	Tetrafluoroethylene	$CF_2=CF_2$	Distii nyaata hin qabanne, insulation elektiriikii

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Synthetic addition polymers foormulaa monomer fi fayyadama isaanii wajjin walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Monomer adda baasuu keessatti maqaa monomer propylene jedhu polymer polypropylene wajjin walitti hin makhinaa.

Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 214-240 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Degree of PolymerizationFoormulaa

n = \frac{M_{\text{polymer}}}{M_{\text{monomer}}}

n = \frac{M_{\text{polymer}}}{M_{\text{monomer}}}

$n$: degree of polymerization (baayina kutaalee monomer) $1$
$M_{\text{polymer}}$: hanga moolarii poolimarii $\text{g mol}^{-1}$
$M_{\text{monomer}}$: hanga moolarii yuunitii monomeerii irra deddeebi'uu $\text{g mol}^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Molar mass polymer fayyadamuun baayina kutaalee monomer keessatti argaman shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Osoo hin hirin dura lachanuu yuunitii walfakkaataa (yeroo baayee g/mol) qabaachuu mirkaneeffadhaa.

Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 214-240 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Thermoplastics fi ThermosetsGabatee wabiiCaasaa molecular (Molecular architecture) · Deebii ho'aaf qaban · Recyclability · +2

Amala	Thermoplastics	Thermosets
Caasaa molecular (Molecular architecture)	Sansalata linear yookiin lightly branched ta'an	Network three-dimensional cross-linked bal'aa ta'e
Deebii ho'aaf qaban	Yeroo ho'ifaman ni baqu, yeroo qabbanaa'an deebi'anii jabaatu	Hin baqan; ho'a olaanaa keessatti irreversibly decompose ta'u
Recyclability	Recyclable (deebisanii baqsuu fi bocuu kan danda'amu)	Non-recyclable
Mechanical properties	Flexible fi remoldable kan ta'an	Hard, rigid, heat resistant fi corrosion resistant kan ta'an
Fakkeenyota	Polyethylene, PVC, Nylon, Teflon	Bakelite, Epoxy resin, Vulcanized rubber

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Polymeroota akkaataa caasaa molakiyuulaa, deebii ho'aaf qabaniifi deebisanii fayyadamuu isaaniitiin ramaduuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Nylon fi Dacron condensation polymers ta'us sababa hidhoo cross-linking hin qabneef thermoplastics keessatti ramadamu.

Grade 12 Chemistry, fuula 214-240 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the textbook, a molecular structure built from fewer than 100 monomer units is known as what?

A.An oligomer
B.A biopolymer
C.A thermoset
D.A copolymer

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A An oligomer

Sababa

A polymer generally contains more than 100 monomers, while structures with a lower number of monomers are called oligomers.

Gaaffii 2

Which of the following materials is an example of a natural polymer?

A.Polyvinyl chloride
B.Cellulose
C.Teflon
D.Bakelite

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Cellulose

Sababa

Cellulose is a natural carbohydrate polymer found in wood and cotton. Polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, and Bakelite are synthetic polymers.

Gaaffii 3

A factory in Hawassa uses propene (CH₂=CH-CH₃) as a raw material to produce synthetic ropes and carpets. What is the name of this polymer?

A.Polyethylene
B.Polyvinyl chloride
C.Polypropylene
D.Polystyrene

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Polypropylene

Sababa

The addition polymerization of propylene (propene) forms polypropylene, which is commonly used to manufacture ropes, carpets, and food containers.

Gaaffii 4

What is the name of the first step in addition polymerization, in which a reactive initiator starts the reaction?

A.Chain propagation step
B.Chain termination step
C.Chain transfer step
D.Chain initiation step

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D Chain initiation step

Sababa

The addition polymerization process begins with the chain initiation step, where a reactive initiator (such as a free radical, cation, or anion) starts the reaction.

Gaaffii 5

A laboratory in Addis Ababa tests a sample of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a molar mass of 1.33 x 10⁵ g/mol. If the molar mass of the vinyl chloride monomer is 62.5 g/mol, what is the degree of polymerization (number of monomer units)?

A.2128
B.1050
C.4256
D.8312

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 2128

Sababa

The number of monomer units (n) is found by dividing the molar mass of the polymer by the molar mass of the monomer: (1.33 x 10⁵ g/mol) / (62.5 g/mol) = 2128.

Gaaffii 6

Why can thermoplastic polymers be remelted and recycled, while thermoset polymers cannot?

A.Thermoplastics are made of natural fibers, whereas thermosets are strictly synthetic.
B.Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains, while thermosets consist of an extensive cross-linked three-dimensional network.
C.Thermoplastics contain carbon-carbon triple bonds, while thermosets contain only single bonds.
D.Thermoplastics undergo step-growth polymerization, while thermosets undergo chain-growth polymerization.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains, while thermosets consist of an extensive cross-linked three-dimensional network.

Sababa

Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains that melt upon heating and resolidify when cooled. Thermosets are cross-linked into a rigid three-dimensional network and decompose irreversibly when heated.

Gaaffii 7

Which two monomers react together in a condensation reaction to produce Nylon 66?

A.Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol
B.1,6-diaminohexane and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)
C.Vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate
D.Styrene and tetrafluoroethylene

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)

Sababa

Nylon 66 is a polyamide formed by the condensation reaction of 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylene diamine) and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid).

Gaaffii 8

Which polymer has a very low coefficient of friction, high chemical resistance, and remains stable at temperatures between -73 °C and 260 °C?

A.Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
B.Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
C.Polypropylene
D.Polystyrene

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)

Sababa

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) has a low coefficient of friction, making it slippery and ideal for non-stick cooking utensils across the temperature range of -73 °C to 260 °C.

Gaaffii 9

When equimolar amounts of 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid) and 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) react to form Dacron, what small molecule is eliminated as a byproduct?

A.Ammonia (NH3)
B.Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
C.Water (H2O)
D.Methane (CH4)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Water (H2O)

Sababa

The reaction between a dicarboxylic acid and a dihydroxy alcohol is a condensation polymerization that forms ester linkages and releases water (H₂O) as the byproduct.

Gaaffii 10

A synthetic copolymer is synthesized such that its monomer units alternate strictly in the sequence A-B-A-B-A-B. What type of copolymer is this?

A.Regular copolymer
B.Random copolymer
C.Homopolymer
D.Thermosetting polymer

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Regular copolymer

Sababa

A copolymer containing a sequence of monomers in regular alternating repeating units is classified as a regular copolymer, unlike a random copolymer which has no fixed pattern.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 214 hanga fuula 240 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 298

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 12 hunda

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