የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ ምዕራፍ 4፦ ፖሊመሮች

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

4
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 214–240
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

1.Introduction to Polymers
2.Polymerization Reactions
3.Classification of Polymers

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

Addition እና Condensation Polymerizationየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥየ Monomer መስፈርት · የ By-product መፈጠር · የ Growth mechanism · +2

ባህሪ	Addition Polymerization	Condensation Polymerization
የ Monomer መስፈርት	$C=C$ ወይም $C\equiv C$ ያላቸው Unsaturated molecules	ሁለት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ functional groups ያላቸው Molecules
የ By-product መፈጠር	ምንም ትናንሽ molecules አይወገዱም	እንደ $H_2O$ ወይም $CH_3OH$ ያሉ ትናንሽ molecules ያስወግዳል
የ Growth mechanism	Chain-growth (initiation, propagation, termination)	በ functional groups መካከል የሚካሄድ Step-growth reaction
የ Polymer molar mass	የ monomer molar mass ትክክለኛ ብዜት	ከነጠላ monomer masses ድምር ያነሰ
ምሳሌዎች	Polyethylene, PVC, Polystyrene, Teflon	Nylon 66, Dacron, Starch, Proteins

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የሁለቱን ዋና ዋና የፖሊመራይዜሽን አይነቶች የአሰራር ሂደት፣ የሞኖመር ፍላጎት እና ውጤቶች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Condensation polymerization ሁለት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ functional group ያላቸውን ሞኖመሮች የሚፈልግ ሲሆን ሁልጊዜም እንደ ውሃ ያለ አነስተኛ ሞለኪውል ያስወግዳል።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 214-240 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የተለመዱ ሰው ሰራሽ Addition Polymersየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥPolyethylene (PE) · Polypropylene (PP) · Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) · +2

የፖሊመር ስም	የሞኖመር ስም	የሞኖመር መዋቅር	ዋና አገልግሎት
Polyethylene (PE)	Ethylene (Ethene)	$CH_2=CH_2$	የላስቲክ ቦርሳዎች፣ የሚጨመቁ ጠርሙሶች፣ የቆሻሻ ቦርሳዎች
Polypropylene (PP)	Propylene (Propene)	$CH_2=CH-CH_3$	ገመዶች፣ ምንጣፎች፣ ለእቃ ማጠቢያ ማሽን ተስማሚ የሆኑ እቃዎች
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	Vinyl chloride	$CH_2=CHCl$	ቧንቧዎች፣ የወለል ንጣፎች፣ የዝናብ ልብሶች
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)	Methyl methacrylate	$CH_2=C(CH_3)COOCH_3$	የአውሮፕላን መስኮቶች፣ የመንገድ መብራቶች (Lucite)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	Tetrafluoroethylene	$CF_2=CF_2$	ምግብ የማያጣብቁ የማብሰያ ድስቶች፣ የኤሌክትሪክ insulation

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ሰው ሰራሽ addition ፖሊመሮችን ከሞኖመር ፎርሙላቸው እና ከሚሰጡት የንግድ አገልግሎት ጋር ለማዛመድ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

መነሻ ጥሬ እቃዎችን በሚለዩበት ጊዜ የሞኖመሩን ስም propylene ከ polypropylene ጋር እንዳያምታቱ።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 214-240 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Degree of Polymerizationቀመር

n = \frac{M_{\text{polymer}}}{M_{\text{monomer}}}

n = \frac{M_{\text{polymer}}}{M_{\text{monomer}}}

$n$: degree of polymerization (የሞኖመር ክፍሎች ብዛት) $1$
$M_{\text{polymer}}$: የፖሊመሩ ሞላር ማስ $\text{g mol}^{-1}$
$M_{\text{monomer}}$: የተደጋጋሚው የሞኖመር አሃድ ሞላር ማስ $\text{g mol}^{-1}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የፖሊመርን አጠቃላይ molar mass በመጠቀም በሰንሰለቱ ውስጥ የሚገኙትን የሞኖመር ክፍሎች ብዛት ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ከማካፈልዎ በፊት ሁለቱም molar mass በተመሳሳይ አሃድ (በተለምዶ g/mol) መገለጻቸውን ያረጋግጡ።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 214-240 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Thermoplastics እና Thermosetsየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥሞለኪውላዊ አወቃቀር (Molecular architecture) · ለሙቀት የሚሰጡት ምላሽ · Recyclability · +2

ባህሪ	Thermoplastics	Thermosets
ሞለኪውላዊ አወቃቀር (Molecular architecture)	Linear ወይም በትንሹ branched የሆኑ ሰንሰለቶች	ሰፊ የthree-dimensional cross-linked ኔትወርክ
ለሙቀት የሚሰጡት ምላሽ	ሲሞቁ ይቀልጣሉ፣ ሲቀዘቅዙ መልሰው ይጠክራሉ	አይቀልጡም፤ በከፍተኛ ሙቀት ውስጥ irreversibly decompose ይሆናሉ
Recyclability	Recyclable (እንደገና ማቅለጥ እና ቅርጽ ማስያዝ የሚቻል)	Non-recyclable
Mechanical properties	Flexible እና remoldable የሆኑ	Hard፣ rigid፣ heat resistant እና corrosion resistant የሆኑ
ምሳሌዎች	Polyethylene, PVC, Nylon, Teflon	Bakelite, Epoxy resin, Vulcanized rubber

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ፖሊመሮችን እንደ ሞለኪውላዊ መዋቅራቸው፣ ለሙቀት ባላቸው ምላሽ እና እንደገና ጥቅም ላይ የመዋል ባህሪያቸው ለመመደብ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Nylon እና Dacron የ condensation ፖሊመሮች ቢሆኑም የጎንዮሽ covalent cross-linking ስለሌላቸው thermoplastics ናቸው።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 214-240 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

According to the textbook, a molecular structure built from fewer than 100 monomer units is known as what?

A.An oligomer
B.A biopolymer
C.A thermoset
D.A copolymer

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A An oligomer

ምክንያቱ

A polymer generally contains more than 100 monomers, while structures with a lower number of monomers are called oligomers.

ጥያቄ 2

Which of the following materials is an example of a natural polymer?

A.Polyvinyl chloride
B.Cellulose
C.Teflon
D.Bakelite

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Cellulose

ምክንያቱ

Cellulose is a natural carbohydrate polymer found in wood and cotton. Polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, and Bakelite are synthetic polymers.

ጥያቄ 3

A factory in Hawassa uses propene (CH₂=CH-CH₃) as a raw material to produce synthetic ropes and carpets. What is the name of this polymer?

A.Polyethylene
B.Polyvinyl chloride
C.Polypropylene
D.Polystyrene

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Polypropylene

ምክንያቱ

The addition polymerization of propylene (propene) forms polypropylene, which is commonly used to manufacture ropes, carpets, and food containers.

ጥያቄ 4

What is the name of the first step in addition polymerization, in which a reactive initiator starts the reaction?

A.Chain propagation step
B.Chain termination step
C.Chain transfer step
D.Chain initiation step

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D Chain initiation step

ምክንያቱ

The addition polymerization process begins with the chain initiation step, where a reactive initiator (such as a free radical, cation, or anion) starts the reaction.

ጥያቄ 5

A laboratory in Addis Ababa tests a sample of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a molar mass of 1.33 x 10⁵ g/mol. If the molar mass of the vinyl chloride monomer is 62.5 g/mol, what is the degree of polymerization (number of monomer units)?

A.2128
B.1050
C.4256
D.8312

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 2128

ምክንያቱ

The number of monomer units (n) is found by dividing the molar mass of the polymer by the molar mass of the monomer: (1.33 x 10⁵ g/mol) / (62.5 g/mol) = 2128.

ጥያቄ 6

Why can thermoplastic polymers be remelted and recycled, while thermoset polymers cannot?

A.Thermoplastics are made of natural fibers, whereas thermosets are strictly synthetic.
B.Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains, while thermosets consist of an extensive cross-linked three-dimensional network.
C.Thermoplastics contain carbon-carbon triple bonds, while thermosets contain only single bonds.
D.Thermoplastics undergo step-growth polymerization, while thermosets undergo chain-growth polymerization.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains, while thermosets consist of an extensive cross-linked three-dimensional network.

ምክንያቱ

Thermoplastics have linear or lightly branched chains that melt upon heating and resolidify when cooled. Thermosets are cross-linked into a rigid three-dimensional network and decompose irreversibly when heated.

ጥያቄ 7

Which two monomers react together in a condensation reaction to produce Nylon 66?

A.Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol
B.1,6-diaminohexane and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)
C.Vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate
D.Styrene and tetrafluoroethylene

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)

ምክንያቱ

Nylon 66 is a polyamide formed by the condensation reaction of 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylene diamine) and 1,6-hexanedioic acid (adipic acid).

ጥያቄ 8

Which polymer has a very low coefficient of friction, high chemical resistance, and remains stable at temperatures between -73 °C and 260 °C?

A.Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
B.Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
C.Polypropylene
D.Polystyrene

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)

ምክንያቱ

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) has a low coefficient of friction, making it slippery and ideal for non-stick cooking utensils across the temperature range of -73 °C to 260 °C.

ጥያቄ 9

When equimolar amounts of 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid) and 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) react to form Dacron, what small molecule is eliminated as a byproduct?

A.Ammonia (NH3)
B.Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
C.Water (H2O)
D.Methane (CH4)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Water (H2O)

ምክንያቱ

The reaction between a dicarboxylic acid and a dihydroxy alcohol is a condensation polymerization that forms ester linkages and releases water (H₂O) as the byproduct.

ጥያቄ 10

A synthetic copolymer is synthesized such that its monomer units alternate strictly in the sequence A-B-A-B-A-B. What type of copolymer is this?

A.Regular copolymer
B.Random copolymer
C.Homopolymer
D.Thermosetting polymer

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Regular copolymer

ምክንያቱ

A copolymer containing a sequence of monomers in regular alternating repeating units is classified as a regular copolymer, unlike a random copolymer which has no fixed pattern.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 214 እስከ ገጽ 240 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 298 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ12ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

ይህን ምዕራፍ በመተግበሪያው ይለማመዱ

Temari ይህን ምዕራፍ ወደ ጊዜ የተቆረጠለት መልመጃ ይለውጠዋል፣ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል፤ ያልገባዎትንም የሚያብራራ የ AI አስተማሪ አለ።

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