የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኬሚስትሪ ምዕራፍ 3፦ የኢንዱስትሪ ኬሚስትሪ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 3 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

4
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 3 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 136–213
የምዕራፍ 3 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 3 የሚሸፍነው

1.Natural Resources and Industry
2.Natural Resources (Raw Materials)
3.Industry
4.Manufacturing of Valuable Products/ Chemicals
5.Ammonia (NH3)
6.Nitric Acid
7.Nitrogen-Based Fertilizers
8.Sulphuric Acid
9.Some Common Pesticides and Herbicides
10.Sodium Carbonate
11.Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
12.Some Manufacturing Industries in Ethiopia
13.Glass Manufacturing
14.Manufacturing of Ceramics
15.Cement
16.Sugar Manufacturing
17.Paper and Pulp
18.Tannery
19.Food Processing and Preservation
20.Manufacturing of Ethanol

የምዕራፍ 3 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኬሚስትሪ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የንክኪ ሂደት አራት ደረጃዎችሕግ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የሰልፈሪክ አሲድ የኢንዱስትሪ አመራረት ቅደም ተከተላዊ የኬሚካል እኩልዮሾችን ለመጻፍ ይህንን ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

SO3 ወደ ውሃ በቀጥታ አይጨመርም፤ በመጀመሪያ ወደ 98 በመቶ H2SO4 ተጨምሮ ኦሊየም (H2S2O7) ይፈጥራል።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 136-213 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የሶልቬይ ሂደት ኬሚካላዊ ምላሾችሕግ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የሶዲየም ካርቦኔት (Na2CO3) አመራረትን እና ዋና ተረፈ-ምርቱን ለመለየት ይህንን የኬሚካል ምላሽ ቅደም ተከተል ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

ዋናዎቹ መነሻ ጥሬ ዕቃዎች CaCO3 እና NaCl ሲሆኑ፣ ዋናው ተረፈ ምርት CaCl2 ነው፤ NH3 እንደገና ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 136-213 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የሰልፈሪክ አሲድ ማቅጠን ጥንቃቄየተለመደ ስህተት

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የተከማቸ የሰልፈሪክ አሲድ አያያዝና የማቅጠን ሂደትን በሚያብራሩበት ጊዜ ይህንን ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

ፍጹም ውሃን ወደ ተከማቸ ሰልፈሪክ አሲድ አይጨምሩ። ውህደቱ ከፍተኛ ሙቀት አመንጪ ስለሆነ ሁልጊዜ አሲዱን ቀስ እያሉ ወደ ውሃ ይጨምሩ።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 136-213 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የዩሪያ እና ዲኤፒ አመራረትየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥUrea · DAP

ማዳበሪያ	ጥሬ ዕቃዎች	የውህደት ምላሾች
Urea	$\text{NH}_3$ , $\text{CO}_2$	$2\text{NH}_3 + \text{CO}_2 \rightarrow \text{NH}_2\text{COONH}_4 \rightarrow (\text{NH}_2)_2\text{CO} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$
DAP	$\text{NH}_3$ , $\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4$	$3\text{NH}_3 + 2\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4 \rightarrow \text{NH}_4\text{H}_2\text{PO}_4 + (\text{NH}_4)_2\text{HPO}_4$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

እንደ ዩሪያ እና ዲአሞኒየም ሃይድሮጅን ፎስፌት (DAP) ያሉ የናይትሮጅን ማዳበሪያዎችን የኢንዱስትሪ ውህደት ምላሾች ለመጻፍ ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የዩሪያ ውህደት ወደ ዩሪያ ከመቀየሩ በፊት በመካከለኛ ደረጃ አሞኒየም ካርባሜት ይፈጥራል።

ከGrade 12 Chemistry፣ ገጽ 136-213 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 3 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

In the Haber-Bosch process for industrial ammonia production, which substance is used as a catalyst?

A.Platinum
B.Vanadium pentoxide
C.Iron particles
D.Copper turnings

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Iron particles

ምክንያቱ

In the Haber-Bosch process, nitrogen and hydrogen gases are reacted in a chamber containing iron particles (or lined with iron) at 300 to 500 °C and 15 to 25 MPa pressure.

ጥያቄ 2

What is the percentage of nitrogen content in solid urea fertilizer?

A.28%
B.35%
C.46%
D.80%

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C 46%

ምክንያቱ

Urea is a widely used solid fertilizer that has a high nitrogen content of 46%.

ጥያቄ 3

Which catalyst is used in the Contact process to convert sulfur dioxide (SO₂) into sulfur trioxide (SO₃)?

A.Fe
B.V2O5
C.Pt
D.Ni

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B V2O5

ምክንያቱ

In Step 2 of the Contact process, the conversion of SO₂ to SO₃ is carried out at 400 °C in the presence of a V₂O₅ (vanadium pentoxide) catalyst.

ጥያቄ 4

About half of the total world production of sodium carbonate is used in the manufacturing of which product?

A.Glass
B.Pulp and paper
C.Soaps and detergents
D.Bricks

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Glass

ምክንያቱ

About 50% of all sodium carbonate produced is used in the manufacturing of glass, where it acts as a flux in the melting of silica.

ጥያቄ 5

Under laboratory conditions, pure nitric acid is prepared by heating which mixture below 200 °C?

A.Ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide
B.Potassium nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid
C.Sodium chloride and dilute nitric acid
D.Ammonia and excess oxygen

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Potassium nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid

ምክንያቱ

Laboratory preparation of nitric acid involves heating potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), where the less volatile acid displaces the more volatile nitric acid.

ጥያቄ 6

In Step 1 of the Ostwald process, ammonia is burned in excess oxygen over a platinum catalyst to produce which primary gas?

A.Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
B.Nitric oxide (NO)
C.Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
D.Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Nitric oxide (NO)

ምክንያቱ

In Step 1 of the Ostwald process, ammonia is catalytically oxidized to produce nitric oxide (NO) and water: 4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O.

ጥያቄ 7

Which group of synthetic pesticides has a chemical structure based on the plant alkaloid Physostigma venenosum?

A.Organochlorines
B.Organophosphates
C.Carbamates
D.Pyrethroids

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Carbamates

ምክንያቱ

Carbamates are carbamic acid derivatives whose chemical structures are based on the plant alkaloid Physostigma venenosum.

ጥያቄ 8

What is the main by-product formed in the Solvay process for manufacturing sodium carbonate?

A.Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
B.Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
C.Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
D.Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Calcium chloride (CaCl2)

ምክንያቱ

The overall Solvay process reaction is CaCO₃ + 2NaCl → Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂, making calcium chloride the primary by-product.

ጥያቄ 9

In standard urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) liquid solutions, what percentage of the actual nitrogen is formulated as amide nitrogen?

A.20%
B.25%
C.35%
D.50%

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D 50%

ምክንያቱ

All common UAN solutions are formulated so that 50% of the total actual nitrogen is from amide (from urea), 25% from ammonium, and 25% from nitrate.

ጥያቄ 10

In Step 3 of the Contact process, sulfur trioxide is absorbed into 98% sulfuric acid to produce oleum. What is the chemical formula of oleum?