Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 3 Fiizikii kutaa 12: Mekaaniksii Fluwidii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 3 kitaaba Fiizikii kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3: 69–117
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 maal haguuga

1.Fluid Statics
2.Pressure in fluids at rest
3.Archimedes' principle
4.Fluid flow
5.Safety and high pressure

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 3

Kaardiiwwan fuula Fiizikii kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Absolute and Gauge Pressure RelationFoormulaa

P_{\text{abs}} = P_{\text{atm}} + P_{\text{gage}}

P_{\text{abs}} = P_{\text{atm}} + P_{\text{gage}}

$P_{\text{abs}}$: Dhiibbaa guutuu $Pa$
$P_{\text{atm}}$: atmospheric pressure bakkichaa $Pa$
$P_{\text{gage}}$: Dhiibbaa geejii $Pa$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dubbisa meeshaa shallaggii (gauge pressure) fi absolute pressure qulqulluu walitti jijjiiruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Meeshaaleen safartuu pressure qilleensa keessatti zeeroo dubbisu. Ideal gas equation keessatti osoo P_atm hin dabalin gauge pressure qofa hin galchinaa.

Grade 12 Physics, fuula 69-117 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Archimedes Principle for Buoyant ForceFoormulaa

F_B = \rho_{\text{fluid}} g V_{\text{disp}}

F_B = \rho_{\text{fluid}} g V_{\text{disp}}

$F_B$: Humna buuyansii $N$
$\rho_{\text{fluid}}$: density fluid $kg\,m^{-3}$
$g$: Saffisiisa harkisa lafaa $m\,s^{-2}$
$V_{\text{disp}}$: volume fluid bakka buqqa'ee $m^3$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Wanta tokko kan fluid keessatti gar-tokkeen ykn guutummaatti cuuphame irratti buoyant force ol-dhiibu shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Buoyant force shallaguuf density wantichaa osoo hin taane yeroo hunda density fluid sana fayyadamaa.

Grade 12 Physics, fuula 69-117 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Floating Fraction of an ObjectFoormulaa

\frac{V_{\text{disp}}}{V_{\text{obj}}} = \frac{\rho_{\text{obj}}}{\rho_{\text{fluid}}}

\frac{V_{\text{disp}}}{V_{\text{obj}}} = \frac{\rho_{\text{obj}}}{\rho_{\text{fluid}}}

$V_{\text{disp}}$: volume fluid keessa cuuphame $m^3$
$V_{\text{obj}}$: volume waliigalaa wantichaa $m^3$
$\rho_{\text{obj}}$: density wanta dambali'uu $kg\,m^{-3}$
$\rho_{\text{fluid}}$: density fluid $kg\,m^{-3}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Wanta dambali'u tokko keessaa harki ykn dhibbeentaan meeqa fluid keessa akka lixe shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Herregni kun kan hojjetu wantoota dambali'an qofaaf፤ yeroo hunda density wantichaa density fluid irra xiqqaachuu qaba.

Grade 12 Physics, fuula 69-117 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Pascal Principle in Hydraulic SystemsFoormulaa

\frac{F_1}{A_1} = \frac{F_2}{A_2}

\frac{F_1}{A_1} = \frac{F_2}{A_2}

$F_1$: force piston isa jalqabaa irratti dhiibamu $N$
$A_1$: cross-sectional area piston isa jalqabaa $m^2$
$F_2$: force piston isa lammaffaa irratti uumamu $N$
$A_2$: cross-sectional area piston isa lammaffaa $m^2$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Meeshaalee hydraulic lift fi brake keessatti dhiibbaan fluid walqixa waan darbuuf force ykn area piston shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Shallaggii dura unit A_1 fi A_2 walqixa ta'uu mirkaneeffadhaa. Yoo diameter kenname area diameter squared wajjin wal-simachuu yaadadhaa.

Grade 12 Physics, fuula 69-117 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Variation of Pressure with DepthFoormulaa

P = P_0 + \rho g h

P = P_0 + \rho g h

$P$: absolute pressure gad-fageenya h irratti argamu $Pa$
$P_0$: pressure gubbaa fluid irratti argamu $Pa$
$\rho$: density fluid $kg\,m^{-3}$
$g$: Saffisiisa harkisa lafaa $m\,s^{-2}$
$h$: gad-fageenya gubbaa fluid irraa gadi $m$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gad-fageenya murtaa'aa fluid boqonnaa irra jiru keessatti hydrostatic pressure waliigalaa shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yeroo absolute pressure gaafatamu yeroo hunda atmospheric pressure P_0 dabaluu hin dagatinaa. Yoo gauge pressure ta'e P_0 dhiisaa.

Grade 12 Physics, fuula 69-117 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

What is the SI unit of pressure?

A.Pascal (Pa)
B.Atmosphere (atm)
C.Millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
D.Pounds per square inch (psi)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Pascal (Pa)

Sababa

In the SI system, pressure is measured in newtons per square meter (N/m²), which is defined as the pascal (Pa).

Gaaffii 2

For a fluid at rest in fluid statics, what is the value of the shear (tangential) stress?

A.It is equal to atmospheric pressure
B.It is zero
C.It increases with fluid depth
D.It equals the normal stress

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B It is zero

Sababa

In a fluid at rest, there is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers. Therefore, the shear stress is zero, and the only existing stress is the normal stress (pressure).

Gaaffii 3

According to Pascal's principle, what happens when an external pressure is applied to an enclosed static fluid?

A.The pressure decreases with distance from the source
B.The pressure change is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid
C.The pressure increases only at the bottom surface
D.The fluid becomes compressed to half its volume

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The pressure change is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid

Sababa

Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure applied to a static enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid and to the walls of its container.

Gaaffii 4

According to Archimedes' principle, the upward buoyant force acting on an object placed in a fluid equals the:

A.Weight of the fluid displaced by the object
B.Total weight of the object
C.Surface area of the object
D.Atmospheric pressure acting on the fluid surface

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Sababa

Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces (F_B = W_fluid).

Gaaffii 5

A mechanic in Addis Ababa measures the tire gauge pressure of a minibus to be 32.0 psi. If the local atmospheric pressure is 14.3 psi, what is the absolute pressure inside the tire?

A.17.7 psi
B.32.0 psi
C.46.3 psi
D.457.6 psi

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 46.3 psi

Sababa

Absolute pressure is found by adding atmospheric pressure to gauge pressure: P_abs = P_atm + P_gage = 14.3 psi + 32.0 psi = 46.3 psi.

Gaaffii 6

A hydraulic press in a garage in Hawassa has a small piston with an area of 0.0020 m² and a large piston with an area of 0.20 m². If a total downward force of 18,000 N acts on the large piston, what minimum force must be applied to the small piston to lift the load?

A.180 N
B.360 N
C.1,800 N
D.90 N

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 180 N

Sababa

From Pascal's principle, F₁ = (A₁ / A₂) × F₂ = (0.0020 m² / 0.20 m²) × 18,000 N = 0.01 × 18,000 N = 180 N.

Gaaffii 7

What is the gauge pressure in water at a depth of 25.0 m? (Take the density of water as 1.00 × 10³ kg/m³ and g = 9.8 m/s²).

A.2.45 × 105 Pa
B.2.50 × 104 Pa
C.3.46 × 105 Pa
D.1.01 × 105 Pa

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 2.45 × 105 Pa

Sababa

The gauge pressure due to depth is P = ρgh = (1.00 × 10³ kg/m³)(9.8 m/s²)(25.0 m) = 245,000 Pa = 2.45 × 10⁵ Pa.

Gaaffii 8

Why does atmospheric pressure decrease as a person climbs to higher altitudes on a mountain?

A.Gas particles move faster at higher altitudes
B.The depth and density of the air column above both decrease
C.Gravity stops acting on gas molecules at high elevation
D.Water vapor disappears completely from the atmosphere

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The depth and density of the air column above both decrease

Sababa

Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the air column above. At higher altitudes, there is less depth of atmosphere above you and the air is less dense, so the atmospheric pressure decreases.

Gaaffii 9

A rectangular wooden block floats in Lake Tana with 75% of its total volume submerged in fresh water (ρ = 1000 kg/m³). What is the density of the wooden block?

A.250 kg/m3
B.750 kg/m3
C.1333 kg/m3
D.75 kg/m3

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 750 kg/m3

Sababa

For a floating object, V_disp / V_obj = ρ_obj / ρ_fluid. Therefore, ρ_obj = 0.75 × 1000 kg/m³ = 750 kg/m³.

Gaaffii 10

An open-end manometer is connected to a gas container. The fluid has a density of 850 kg/m³, and the liquid column in the open arm is 0.55 m higher than the arm connected to the gas. If atmospheric pressure is 96.0 kPa and g = 9.81 m/s², what is the absolute pressure of the gas?

A.91.4 kPa
B.96.0 kPa
C.100.6 kPa
D.105.2 kPa

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 100.6 kPa

Sababa

When the open arm is higher, P_gas = P_atm + ρgh. First, ρgh = (850 kg/m³)(9.81 m/s²)(0.55 m) = 4586 Pa = 4.6 kPa. Thus, P_gas = 96.0 kPa + 4.6 kPa = 100.6 kPa.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 69 hanga fuula 117 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 186

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Fiizikii kutaa 12 hunda

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