Boqonnaa 6 Baayoloojii kutaa 9: Ikoolojii

Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the relationships of living organisms to each other and to their surrounding environment.

Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, such as predators, herbivores, parasites, and competitors. Sunlight, water, and soil pH are abiotic (non-living) factors.

A population is a group of interbreeding organisms of the same species living together in a specific area at the same time.

Mutualism is an ecological relationship where individuals of both species benefit from the interaction.

Freshwater biomes typically have salt concentrations of less than 1%, while marine biomes generally have salt concentrations around 3%.

Permafrost is the permanently frozen soil layer in the tundra that prevents deep root growth for trees and large plants.

Primary succession occurs when ecological colonization starts in a barren, virtually lifeless area with no pre-existing soil, such as new volcanic rock or moraine left by a glacier.

Commensalism is an interaction where one species benefits (+), while the other species is neither helped nor harmed (0).

According to the textbook, temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) destroy the enzymes of most organisms.

Deserts receive an average of less than 10 centimetres of rainfall annually, cover about one-fifth of Earth's land, and many are found at about 30 degrees north and south latitude.