Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 3 Keemistirii kutaa 9: Caasaa Aatomii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 3 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 9 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3: 53–110
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 maal haguuga

1.Historical Development of the Atomic
2.Fundamental Laws of Chemical Reactions
3.Atomic Theory
4.Discoveries of Fundamental Subatomic
5.Composition of an Atom and the Isotopes

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 3

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 9 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Argannoo Suuddoolee Bu'uuraa AtamiiGabatee wabiiCathode rays (electrons) · Anode rays (protons)

Raree / Suuddoo	Kan Argate	Amaloota Ijoo
Cathode rays (electrons)	J. J. Thomson (1897)	Sarara qajeelaan deemu, paddle wheels ni naannessu, gara positive electric plates tti goru, gosa gas irratti hin hundaa'an.
Anode rays (protons)	Eugene Goldstein (1886)	Cathodes qaawwa qaban keessa deemu, gara negative plates tti goru, amallii fi e/m ratio isaanii gas irratti hundaa'a.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yaaliiwwan seenaa fi amaloota raree kaatoodii fi aanoodii keessatti gamaaggamuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Amaloonni raree kaatoodii gosa gaazii fayyadamaniin hin jijjiiraman, garuu amaloonni fi reeshoon e/m raree aanoodii gosa gaazichaa irratti hundaa'u.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 53-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Seerota Bu'uuraa Wal-nyaatinsa KeemikaalaaGabatee wabiiLaw of Conservation of Mass · Law of Definite Proportions · Law of Multiple Proportions

Seera	Saayintistii	Qajeeltoo Bu'uuraa
Law of Conservation of Mass	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)	Chemical reaction keessatti mass hin uumamu yookiin hin badu.
Law of Definite Proportions	Joseph Louis Proust (1799)	Compound tokko yeroo hunda elements walfakkaatan proportion mass dhaabbataa ta'een qabata.
Law of Multiple Proportions	John Dalton	Masses element tokkoo kan mass dhaabbataa element biraa wajjin combine ta'an small whole-number ratios keessatti argamu.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Seerota yaalii wal-nyaatinsa keemikaalaa to'atan adda baasuuf yookiin wal-bira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Seerri Law of Definite Proportions kompaawundii tokkoof kan hojjetu yoo ta'u, Seerri Law of Multiple Proportions garuu kompaawundoota adda addaa elementoota walfakkaatoo irraa tolfaman wal-bira qaba.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 53-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Hisaaba Lakkoofsa MooliiFoormulaa

n = \frac{m}{M}

n = \frac{m}{M}

$n$: Lakkoofsa moolii $\text{mol}$
$m$: Hanga kenname $\text{g}$
$M$: Hanga molakiyuulaawaa $\text{g}\,\text{mol}^{-1}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Hanga kennameefi hanga molakiyuulaa irraa ka'uun baay'ina wantaa mooliidhaan shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Hangi kenname giraamiin ta'uu isaa mirkaneeffadhaa, kunis yuuniitiin hanga molakiyuulaa wajjin akka wal haquuf gargaara.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 53-110 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Shallaggii Average Atomic MassFoormulaa

m_{\text{avg}} = \frac{p_1 m_1 + p_2 m_2}{100}

m_{\text{avg}} = \frac{p_1 m_1 + p_2 m_2}{100}

$m_{\text{avg}}$: Average Atomic Mass elementichaa $\text{amu}$
$p_1$: Hamma dhibbeentaa isotope isa duraa $\%$
$m_1$: Atomic mass isotope isa duraa $\text{amu}$
$p_2$: Hamma dhibbeentaa isotope isa lammaffaa $\%$
$m_2$: Atomic mass isotope isa lammaffaa $\text{amu}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Average atomic mass elementii tokkoo massii fi hamma dhibbeentaa isotope-wwan isaa irraa shallaguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gatii dhibbeentaa fayyadamnaan ida'ama sana yeroo hunda 100f qooduu hin dagatiin.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 111-142 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Shallaggii Mass NumberFoormulaa

A = Z + N

A = Z + N

$A$: Mass number, ida'ama lakkoofsa proton fi neutron $1$
$Z$: Atomic number, lakkoofsa proton nucleus keessaa $1$
$N$: Baay'ina neutron nucleus keessaa $1$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Mass number, atomic number, yookiin baay'ina neutron atoomii tokkoo shallaguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Electron lakkoofsa mass number keessatti hin dabalani. Mass number ida'ama proton fi neutron qofaadha.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 111-142 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 3

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

The word atom comes from the ancient Greek word atomos, which means:

A.Uncuttable or indivisible
B.Positively charged
C.Liquid substance
D.Continuous matter

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Uncuttable or indivisible

Sababa

In Greek, the prefix a- means 'not' and tomos means 'cut'. Therefore, atomos means uncuttable or indivisible.

Gaaffii 2

According to the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles, all materials are made up of which four elements?

A.Earth, air, water, and fire
B.Gold, silver, iron, and copper
C.Wood, stone, salt, and clay
D.Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Earth, air, water, and fire

Sababa

Empedocles proposed that all materials in the universe are formed from four basic elements: earth, air, water, and fire.

Gaaffii 3

Which scientist discovered the electron in 1897 using a cathode ray tube?

A.J. J. Thomson
B.John Dalton
C.James Chadwick
D.Ernest Rutherford

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A J. J. Thomson

Sababa

The British physicist J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 and determined its charge-to-mass ratio using cathode ray experiments.

Gaaffii 4

Who discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass in 1789?

A.Antoine Lavoisier
B.Joseph Louis Proust
C.John Dalton
D.Niels Bohr

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Antoine Lavoisier

Sababa

Antoine Lavoisier discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass in 1789 by showing that mass is neither created nor destroyed during chemical reactions.

Gaaffii 5

In a laboratory in Hawassa, a chemistry student reacts 224.4 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 88.0 g of carbon dioxide (CO₂). If 36.0 g of water is formed, what mass of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) is produced?

A.276.4 g
B.312.4 g
C.136.4 g
D.348.4 g

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 276.4 g

Sababa

By the Law of Conservation of Mass, total mass of reactants equals total mass of products. Total reactants = 224.4 g + 88.0 g = 312.4 g. Mass of K₂CO₃ = 312.4 g - 36.0 g = 276.4 g.

Gaaffii 6

What modification did Eugen Goldstein make to the cathode ray tube in 1886 to discover canal rays (anode rays)?

A.He used a perforated cathode
B.He inserted a rotating paddle wheel
C.He removed all electric electrodes
D.He replaced the glass tube with a metal box

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A He used a perforated cathode

Sababa

Goldstein used a cathode with small holes (a perforated cathode), which allowed positively charged rays to pass through and produce a glow behind the cathode.

Gaaffii 7

When J. J. Thomson placed a light paddle wheel between the cathode and the anode, the paddle wheel rotated. What did this show about cathode rays?

A.They consist of material particles having mass and kinetic energy
B.They are composed purely of light waves with no mass
C.They carry a positive electrical charge
D.They can only travel in circular paths

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A They consist of material particles having mass and kinetic energy

Sababa

The rotation of the paddle wheel showed that cathode rays have particulate nature, meaning they are material particles that carry mass and kinetic energy.

Gaaffii 8

Dalton believed that atoms of different elements always have different masses. Which pair of elements disproves this by having the same mass number of 40 amu (isobars)?

A.Argon and calcium
B.Carbon and oxygen
C.Hydrogen and helium
D.Sodium and chlorine

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Argon and calcium

Sababa

Argon and calcium are isobars because both have an atomic mass of 40 amu, proving that atoms of different elements can sometimes have the same mass.

Gaaffii 9

Nitrogen forms different compounds with oxygen. In one compound, 2.62 g of nitrogen combines with 1.50 g of oxygen. In a second compound, 0.656 g of nitrogen combines with 1.50 g of oxygen. What is the small whole-number ratio of nitrogen masses combining with the fixed mass of oxygen?

A.4:1
B.2:1
C.3:1
D.1:2

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 4:1

Sababa

Divide the larger mass of nitrogen by the smaller mass: 2.62 / 0.656 = 4. This gives a small whole-number ratio of 4:1, demonstrating the Law of Multiple Proportions.

Gaaffii 10

According to the historical timeline of atomic discoveries in the textbook, which subatomic particle was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932?

A.Neutron
B.Electron
C.Proton
D.Alpha particle

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Neutron

Sababa

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron, which is the neutral subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 3

Boqonnaan 3 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 53 hanga fuula 110 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 186

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 9 hunda

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