An atom or group of atoms with more protons than electrons, giving a net positive charge

A neutral molecule with an equal number of protons and electrons

A metal atom that has lost all its valence electrons

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) contains polar C-O bonds, but CO 2 is a non-polar molecule overall. What is the reason for this?

Carbon and oxygen have the exact same electronegativity value

Carbon dioxide only exists as an ionic compound

The bent shape prevents partial charges from forming

Which of the following describes how an ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) is formed from ammonia (NH 3 ) and a hydrogen ion (H + )?

H + donates two electrons to the nitrogen atom

Nitrogen loses three electrons to become an anion

H + gains an electron from water to form a single bond

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 5 Keemistirii kutaa 9: Hidhiinsa Keemikaalaa

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 5 kitaaba Keemistirii kutaa 9 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

8
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5: 143–180
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 5

Boqonnaan 5 maal haguuga

1.Ionic Bonding
2.Covalent Bonding
3.Metallic Bonding

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 5

Kaardiiwwan fuula Keemistirii kutaa 9 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Boondii Kovaalentii Qindaa'aaSeera

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Cimdiin elektiroonii waloo atoomota lamaaniin osoo hin taane atoomii tokko qofaan yommuu arjoomamu itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Atoomonni lachanuu elektiroonii walqixa gumaachu jedhanii hin yaadinaa. Boondii qindaa'aa keessatti atoomiin arjoomaan cimdiin elektiroonii qabu atoomii bakka duwwaa qabuuf elektiroonota lamaan kenna.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 143 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Garaagarummaa Elektiroonegatiivitiifi Akaakuu BoondiiGabatee wabii< 0.5 · 0.5 - 2.0 · 2.0

Garaagarummaa Elektiroonegatiivitiiti	Akaakuu Boondii	Fakkeenya
$< 0.5$	Nonpolar covalent	$H_2$ , $C_2H_6$
$0.5 - 2.0$	Polar covalent	$HCl$ , $H_2O$
\ge 2.0	Ionic	$NaCl$ , $KF$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Gatii elektiroonegatiivitiitti fayyadamuun boondiin tokko kovaalentii nooni-poolaarii, kovaalentii poolaarii yookiin ayoonikii ta'uu isaa murteessuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 143 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Amaloota Waliigalaa Koompaawundoota AyoonikiiGabatee wabiiPhysical State · Melting/Boiling Points · Electrical Conductivity · +1

Amala	Waliigala Ayoonikii	Ibsa
Physical State	Jajjaboo, crystalline solids kan caccaban	Electrostatic attraction cimaa; yeroo rukutamu repulsive forces lattice caccabsu.
Melting/Boiling Points	Baay'ee olaanaa (fkn. NaCl $800^{\circ}C$ irratti baqa)	Electrostatic bonds cimaa ta'an cabsuuf thermal energy guddaa barbaada.
Electrical Conductivity	Molten state fi solution keessatti qofa dabarsa	Ions solids keessatti kan hidhaman yoo ta'an, yeroo baqan ykn bulbulaman mobile charges bilisaan socho'an ta'u.
Solubility	Polar solvents keessatti kan bulbulamu	Molecules polar solvent kanneen cations fi anions charge qaban waliin wal-nyaatu.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Amaloota fiizikaalaafi dabarsuu elektirikii koompaawundoota ayoonikii ibsuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 143 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Boondota Poolaarii Molekiyuloota Nooni-poolaarii KeessattiDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Molekiyuuliin boondota poolaarii qabu guutummaatti poolaarii yookiin nooni-poolaarii ta'uu isaa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Molekiyuuliin boondii poolaarii qabaatee qofaan poolaarii dha jechuun hin danda'amu. Bocawwan simeetirikii kanneen akka CO2 fi CCl4 keessatti daayipooliileen faallaa waan walhaqaniif molekiyuulichi nooni-poolaarii ta'a.

Grade 9 Chemistry, fuula 143 irraa eegalee irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Amaloota dhangaa: viscosity fi surface tensionSeeraBoca fi volume · Viscosity fi fluidity · Viscosity fi ho'a · +5

Amala	Maal akka ta'e	Waan yaadatamu
Boca fi volume	Dhangaan volume ofii isaa eega, boca garuu meeshaa isa qabate irraa fudhata.	Qaamoleen isaa walitti dhiyaatanii jiru, haa ta'u malee tokko isa kaan irra mucucaachuu ni danda'a.
Viscosity fi fluidity	Viscosity dandeettii dhangaan yaa'uu didu yoo ta'u, fluidity immoo salphinaan yaa'uu isaati. Tokko kan biraatiif faallaa waan ta'eef dhangaan tokko lamaanuu olaanaa ta'uu hin danda'u.	Viscosity harkisa qaamolee gidduu jiruu fi molekuulota dhedheeroo walitti maramanii mucucaachuu hin dandeenye irraa dhufa. Bishaan gadi aanaa dha, dammi immoo olaanaa.
Viscosity fi ho'a	Yeroo dhangaan ho'u viscosity isaa gadi bu'a, kanaafuu wanta tokkoof lakkoofsa dhaabbataa miti.	Dammi ho'e akka shuruubaa yaa'a, zayitiin motoraas ganama qorraa irratti furdaa ta'a. Gaasonni faallaa kanaa raawwatu: viscosity isaanii ho'aan wal qabatee dabala.
Surface tension	Molekuulli dhangaa keessa jiru ollaa isaatiin gara kallattii hundaatti waan harkifamuuf harkisni sun wal balleessa. Kan gubbaa irra jiru garuu ol irratti ollaa hin qabu, kanaafuu humna gara keessaatti isa harkisu qaba, gubbaan sunis bal'ina xiqqaa danda'amutti wal qaba.	Sababa hydrogen bonding tiin bishaan digrii selshiyeesii 20 irratti gara 0.072 niwutan meetira tokkootti qaba. Ethanol immoo molekuulonni isaa dadhabinaan waan wal harkisaniif gara 0.022 dha.
Qormaata paper clip	Density sibiilaa bishaan irra dachaa saddeet waan ta'eef, gubbaan sun yeroo cabu clip-ichi seenuu qaba.	Kan ol qabame haphiin gubbaa hin cabne jala jallatee waan isa dhiibuufi. Copha detergent tokko haphii sana laaffisee clip-icha kallattiin ni seensisa.
Diffusion	Qaamoleen dhangaa wal keessa faca'u, garuu qaamolee gaasii caalaa suuta.	Qaamni tokkoon tokkoon isaa ollaa isaatiin waan marfameef, walitti bu'iinsa gidduutti tarkaanfii gaggabaabaa fi micciiramaa qofa fudhata.
Density	Dhiibbaa idilee jalatti density dhangaa kan gaasii irra dachaa kuma tokko ta'a, sababiin isaas qaamoleen isaa wal fagaatanii osoo hin taane wal tuqanii waan jiraniifi.	Jajjaboo fi dhangaa wal bira qabuun kan hiika qabu yeroo wanti tokko maqaan dhahame qofa. Cabbiin 0.92, bishaan dhangaa immoo 1.00 giraama seentimeetira kuubii tokkotti ta'uun addaa dha, cabbiin kan bishaan irra deemuufis kanuma.
Cuunfamuu	Dhangaawwan cuunfamuu hin danda'an jechuun ni danda'ama.	Qaamolee isaanii gidduu iddoon duwwaan hafe hin jiru. Bishaan dhiibbaa qilleensaa dachaa dhibba jalattillee dhibbeentaa tokko gadi baay'ee xiqqoon qofa xiqqaata.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin dammi maaliif suuta akka yaa'u, paper clip bishaan irratti maaliif osoo hin seenin akka turu, yookaan dhangaan maaliif volume isaa qabatee boca meeshaa isa qabatee fudhatu gaafatu kana fayyadami. Deebiin as jiru hunduu gara cimina qaamoleen wal harkisaniitti deebi'a.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni fakkii damma fi bishaanii akka fakkii density tti dubbisanii, dammi waan ulfaataa ta'eef suuta yaa'a jedhanii barreessu. Density fi viscosity amaloota adda addaa ti, tokko yoo dabale kan biraa isa hin hordofu. Meerkurii density isaa bishaan irra dachaa 13.5 ta'us viscosity isaa bishaan irra dachaa 1.5 qofa waan ta'eef akkuma bishaanii salphaatti yaa'a; dammi immoo bishaan irra dachaa 1.4 qofa ulfaatee viscosity isaa kuma hedduun caala. Gaaffiin gaafatamuu qabu qaamoleen yeroo mucucaatan hammam cimsanii wal qaban kan jedhu dha. Dhangaan sun hammam akka ulfaatu gaaffii sana hin deebisu.

Ayoonota pozaatiivii baratamoo fi cimina isaaniiGabatee wabiiHydrogen · Sodium · Potassium · +11

Ayoonii	Foormulaa	Iddoo itti argitu
Hydrogen	$\mathrm{H^{+}}$	every acid in water
Sodium	$\mathrm{Na^{+}}$	table salt, caustic soda
Potassium	$\mathrm{K^{+}}$	fertiliser, potash
Silver	$\mathrm{Ag^{+}}$	photographic salts
Ammonium	$\mathrm{NH_{4}^{+}}$	fertiliser, the one polyatomic cation
Magnesium	$\mathrm{Mg^{2+}}$	hard water, chlorophyll
Calcium	$\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$	limestone, bone, cement
Barium	$\mathrm{Ba^{2+}}$	the sulfate used in X-ray meals
Zinc	$\mathrm{Zn^{2+}}$	galvanised sheet, dry cells
Iron(II)	$\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$	the pale green solution
Copper(II)	$\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$	the blue solution
Lead(II)	$\mathrm{Pb^{2+}}$	car batteries, old paint
Aluminium	$\mathrm{Al^{3+}}$	alum, water treatment
Iron(III)	$\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$	rust, the yellow brown solution

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo maqaa irraa foormulaa barreessuu qabdu fayyadami. Cimina sibiilaa gabatee kana irraa, cimina wanta sibiila hin taane immoo gabatee ofii isaa irraa fudhu; achumaan ciminni waliigalaa duwwaa akka ta'uuf lakkoofsota wal jijjiiri.

Of eeggadhu

Sibiilli fi sibiilli diimaan tokkoon tokkoon isaanii ayoonii lama waan uumaniif maqaan lakkoofsa Roomaa qabaachuu qaba: sibiil(II) 2+ yoo ta'u sibiil(III) 3+ dha; sibiila qofa barreessuun foormulaa murteessuu hin dandeenye taasisa. Amooniyeemiin asitti ayoonii pozaatiivii atoomota hedduu irraa ijaarame qofaadha; akka qaama tokkootti waan hojjetuuf lamaan isaanii haaydiroojinii saddeet osoo hin taane cufaa lamaan barreeffamu.

Ayoonota negaatiivii baratamoo cimina tokko qabanGabatee wabiiFluoride · Chloride · Bromide · +6

Ayoonii	Foormulaa	Iddoo itti argitu
Fluoride	$\mathrm{F^{-}}$	toothpaste, drinking water
Chloride	$\mathrm{Cl^{-}}$	table salt, hydrochloric acid
Bromide	$\mathrm{Br^{-}}$	sea water, photographic film
Iodide	$\mathrm{I^{-}}$	iodised salt, thyroid medicine
Hydroxide	$\mathrm{OH^{-}}$	every alkali in water
Nitrate	$\mathrm{NO_{3}^{-}}$	fertiliser, all of them soluble
Nitrite	$\mathrm{NO_{2}^{-}}$	meat curing salts
Hydrogencarbonate	$\mathrm{HCO_{3}^{-}}$	baking soda, blood buffering
Permanganate	$\mathrm{MnO_{4}^{-}}$	the deep purple oxidising agent

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Walakkaa harka mirgaa foormulaatiif fayyadami. Ayooniin cimina negaatiivii tokko qabu madaaluuf cimina pozaatiivii tokko barbaada; kanaafuu soodiyeemii waliin tokkoo tokkoon, kaalsiyeemii waliin immoo lamaa tokkoon wal qabata.

Of eeggadhu

Naayitreetii fi naayitraayitiin oksijiinii tokkoo fi qubee tokkoon adda ba'u; xumurri eetii yeroo hunda isa oksijiinii caalu qabu dha. Seerri wal fakkaatu salfeetii fi salfaayitii keessattis ni hojjeta; isa dogoggoraa dubbisuun maqaa qofa osoo hin taane walnyaatinsicha jijjiira. Haaydiroojiinkaarboneetiin ammallee guuboo suuqii irratti baayikaarboneetii jedhamee barreeffama; lamaanuu ayoonii kana agarsiisu.

Ayoonota negaatiivii baratamoo cimina lama yookaan sadii qabanGabatee wabiiOxide · Sulfide · Sulfate · +6

Ayoonii	Foormulaa	Iddoo itti argitu
Oxide	$\mathrm{O^{2-}}$	rust, quicklime, most minerals
Sulfide	$\mathrm{S^{2-}}$	ores, the rotten egg smell
Sulfate	$\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$	gypsum, copper sulfate
Sulfite	$\mathrm{SO_{3}^{2-}}$	food preservative
Carbonate	$\mathrm{CO_{3}^{2-}}$	limestone, washing soda
Chromate	$\mathrm{CrO_{4}^{2-}}$	the yellow solution
Dichromate	$\mathrm{Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-}}$	the orange oxidising agent
Nitride	$\mathrm{N^{3-}}$	hard ceramic coatings
Phosphate	$\mathrm{PO_{4}^{3-}}$	fertiliser, bone, DNA

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo foormulaan cufaa barbaadu fayyadami. Ayooniin hammam kanaa madaaluuf cimina pozaatiivii lama yookaan sadii fudhata; lakkoofsonni gadi aanaan cufaa alaa jiranis asumatti mul'achuu jalqabu.

Of eeggadhu

Cufaan lakkoofsa gadi aanaa dura naannoo ayoonii atoomota hedduu qabuutti godhama; kanaafuu kaalsiyeemii fosfeetiin fosfeetiin cufamee lamaan alaan barreeffama. Lakkoofsa gadi aanaa keessatti barreessuun atoomonni kamtu akka baay'atu waan jijjiiruuf wanta adda ta'e kenna. Kiroomeetii fi daaykiroomeetiin inni tokko kiroomiyeemii dachaa qabaatus lamaanuu cimina lama qabu; kunis hamma irraa tilmaamuu mannaa mirkaneeffachuu barbaachisa.

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the octet rule proposed by Gilbert Lewis, atoms tend to form compounds in order to achieve how many valence electrons?

A.Two valence electrons
B.Four valence electrons
C.Six valence electrons
D.Eight valence electrons

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D Eight valence electrons

Sababa

The octet rule states that atoms tend to form compounds in ways that give them eight valence electrons, matching the stable electron configuration of a noble gas.

Gaaffii 2

What is an anion?

A.An atom or group of atoms with more protons than electrons, giving a net positive charge
B.An atom or group of atoms with more electrons than protons, giving a net negative charge
C.A neutral molecule with an equal number of protons and electrons
D.A metal atom that has lost all its valence electrons

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B An atom or group of atoms with more electrons than protons, giving a net negative charge

Sababa

Anions are atoms or groups of atoms that have more electrons than protons, which gives them a net negative electrical charge.

Gaaffii 3

What type of covalent bond is formed between the two nitrogen atoms in a nitrogen molecule (N₂)?

A.Single bond
B.Double bond
C.Triple bond
D.Ionic bond

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Triple bond

Sababa

Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and needs 3 more to fulfill the octet rule. The two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons, forming a triple covalent bond.

Gaaffii 4

On the Linus Pauling scale, which element is the most electronegative with a value of 4.0?

A.Oxygen
B.Cesium
C.Chlorine
D.Fluorine

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D Fluorine

Sababa

Fluorine is the most electronegative element with a value of 4.0 on the Pauling scale, while cesium is the least electronegative at 0.7.

Gaaffii 5

A student in Adama tests solid table salt (NaCl) and dissolved table salt in water for electrical conductivity. Why does the dissolved salt conduct electricity while solid salt does not?

A.Water creates free electrons that move across the circuit
B.Dissolving frees the cations and anions so they can move toward electrodes
C.Solid salt contains no charged particles at all
D.Water turns the ionic bonds into covalent bonds

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Dissolving frees the cations and anions so they can move toward electrodes

Sababa

In solid NaCl, ions are held tightly in fixed crystal positions. When dissolved in water, the sodium cations and chloride anions become free to move toward the electrodes under an electric field, conducting electricity.

Gaaffii 6

Why are ionic crystals, such as sodium chloride, hard but brittle when struck with a hammer?

A.The blow causes electrons to leave the crystal completely
B.The mechanical force shifts ion layers so like charges face each other and repel
C.The crystal melts instantly from the heat of the impact
D.The covalent bonds between the molecules break apart easily

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The mechanical force shifts ion layers so like charges face each other and repel

Sababa

Striking an ionic crystal shifts one layer of ions relative to its neighbor. This brings ions of the same charge next to each other, and the resulting strong repulsive forces cause the crystal to shatter.

Gaaffii 7

According to the electronegativity difference guide in the textbook, what kind of bond forms when the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms is in the range of 0.5 to 2.0?

A.Pure non-polar covalent bond
B.Polar covalent bond
C.Fully ionic bond
D.Metallic bond

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Polar covalent bond

Sababa

The rough guide states that an electronegativity difference of 2.0 or more results in an ionic bond, 0.5 to 2.0 forms a polar covalent bond, and below 0.5 forms a covalent bond with little or no polarity.

Gaaffii 8

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) contains polar C-O bonds, but CO₂ is a non-polar molecule overall. What is the reason for this?

A.Carbon and oxygen have the exact same electronegativity value
B.The linear shape causes the partial charges on opposite oxygen atoms to cancel out
C.Carbon dioxide only exists as an ionic compound
D.The bent shape prevents partial charges from forming

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The linear shape causes the partial charges on opposite oxygen atoms to cancel out

Sababa

CO₂ has a linear geometry (O=C=O). Because the two polar C-O bonds point in opposite directions, the dipole charges cancel each other out, making the overall molecule non-polar.

Gaaffii 9

What distinguishes a coordinate covalent (dative) bond from an ordinary covalent bond?

A.Electrons are completely transferred from a metal to a non-metal
B.Both bonded atoms contribute an equal number of electrons to the shared pair
C.The shared electron pair is provided by only one of the bonded atoms
D.It can only form between two identical non-metal atoms

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The shared electron pair is provided by only one of the bonded atoms

Sababa

A coordinate covalent bond (dative bond) is a type of covalent bond where the pair of electrons is donated by only one of the bonded atoms, but shared by both atoms after the bond forms.

Gaaffii 10

Which of the following describes how an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) is formed from ammonia (NH₃) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺)?

A.H+ donates two electrons to the nitrogen atom
B.NH3 shares its lone pair of electrons with the empty valence shell of H+
C.Nitrogen loses three electrons to become an anion
D.H+ gains an electron from water to form a single bond

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B NH3 shares its lone pair of electrons with the empty valence shell of H+

Sababa

The hydrogen ion (H⁺) has no electrons in its valence shell. Ammonia (NH₃) shares its lone pair of electrons with H⁺ to form a coordinate covalent bond, completing the duet for hydrogen.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 5

Boqonnaan 5 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 143 hanga fuula 180 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 186

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Keemistirii kutaa 9 hunda

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