Boqonnaa 9 Seenaa kutaa 9

The textbook states that the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1700s before spreading to other countries.

Before the French Revolution, the First Estate consisted of the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobility, and the peasants and the bourgeoisie made up the Third Estate.

On June 18, 1815, Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium by British and Prussian forces.

George Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army by the Continental Congress and later became the first President of the USA.

The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of the bourgeoisie (factory owners who controlled capital) and the proletariat (workers who sold their labour for wages).

The 1791 constitution gave voting rights only to active citizens, which meant citizens who paid taxes. Those who did not meet the financial requirements were called passive citizens.

The Continental System was a trade blockade imposed by Napoleon between 1806 and 1810 to stop European mainland trade with Britain.

The textbook notes that while the American War of Independence created the USA, it did not abolish slavery and did not consider the Red Indians as citizens.

The Girondists represented the big and middle bourgeoisie and formed the extreme right political wing, while the Jacobins formed the left wing.

The Russians chose withdrawal and scorched-earth tactics rather than fighting a major pitched battle, leaving Napoleon's army to be destroyed by hunger, cold, and disease.