የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ግብርና ምዕራፍ 6፦ የእንስሳት ጄኔቲክስና ዝርያ ማሻሻል

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የግብርና መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 6 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
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የምዕራፍ 6 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 6 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Introduction to animal genetics and breeding
  2. 2.Breed improvement methods
  3. 3.Farm animal reproductive technologies
  4. 4.Animal identification and record keeping

የምዕራፍ 6 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የግብርና ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የመለያ ምድብምሳሌዎችዋና ዓላማ
ቋሚ መለያ (Permanent identification)Branding, ear tags, tattooing, ear notches, microchipsለpedigree፣ ለጤና እና ለculling የዕድሜ ልክ ክትትል ማድረግ
ጊዜያዊ መለያ (Temporary identification)የጅራት ምልክት (pen/chalk)፣ ፀጉር መከርከም፣ ፀጉር ማቅለምየአጭር ጊዜ የመንጋ አያያዝ እና አስተዳደር

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ቋሚ እና ጊዜያዊ የእንስሳት መለያ ዘዴዎችን ለመመደብ ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የጆሮ ቁንጣሽ (ear notches) እና የጆሮ መለያ (ear tags) ቋሚ ዘዴዎች ሲሆኑ የቀለም ወይም የኖራ ምልክቶች ግን ጊዜያዊ ናቸው።

ከGrade 11 Agriculture፣ ገጽ 94-107 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የማዳቀል ሥርዓትየሚዳቀሉት እንስሳት ዝምድናዋና ባሕርይ
In-breedingየቅርብ ዝምድና ያላቸው (ለምሳሌ ከአባት ወደ ሴት ልጅ፣ siblings)Pure lines፣ የ in-breeding depression ስጋት
Line-breedingየራቀ ዝምድና ያላቸው (ለምሳሌ cousins)የ ancestor traits ያጠናክራል፣ የዘገየ depression
Out-breedingበአንድ breed ውስጥ ዝምድና የሌላቸውበ breed ውስጥ vigor እና ምርታማነት መጨመር
Cross-breedingየአንድ species የተለያዩ breedsHeterosis ወይም hybrid vigor

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ዝምድና ያላቸውን እና የሌላቸውን የማዳቀል ሥርዓቶች እንዲሁም የዘረመል ውጤቶቻቸውን ለማነጻጸር ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

Out-breeding በአንድ ዝርያ (breed) ውስጥ ባሉ ዝምድና የሌላቸው መካከል ሲሆን Cross-breeding ግን በተለያዩ ዝርያዎች መካከል የሚካሄድ ነው።

ከGrade 11 Agriculture፣ ገጽ 94-107 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምርጫ ዘዴየምርጫው መሠረት
Mass selectionበማሳ ውስጥ የራስ ግለሰባዊ አፈጻጸም
Progeny selectionየልጆች (offspring) አፈጻጸም
Family selectionየዘመዶች ወይም የቤተሰብ አባላት አፈጻጸም
Pedigree selectionየቀደምት ትውልዶች (ancestors) አፈጻጸም

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የእንስሳትን አፈጻጸም መረጃ መሠረት በማድረግ አራቱን ሰው ሰራሽ የምርጫ ዘዴዎች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የዘር ሐረግ ምርጫን (pedigree selection: የቀደምት አባቶች) ከውላጅ ምርጫ (progeny selection: የልጆች) ጋር እንዳያምታቱ።

ከGrade 11 Agriculture፣ ገጽ 94-107 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ቴክኖሎጂባዮሎጂካዊ ቁስዋና ማከማቻዋና ባዮሎጂካዊ ሚና
Artificial Insemination (AI)Semen (የ sperm ሴሎች)−196∘C-196^{\circ}\text{C} በ liquid nitrogen ውስጥየላቀ የወንድ genetics ወደ እንስት female reproductive tract ውስጥ ይገባል
Embryo Transfer (ET)Fertilized embryosትኩስ (fresh) ወይም frozen ሆኖ ይተላለፋልየላቀች እንስት (donor) በ surrogate recipient አማካኝነት ትባዛለች

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ሰው ሰራሽ የማዳቀል (AI) እና የፅንስ ሽግግር (ET) ሂደቶችን እና ቁሳቁሶችን ለማነጻጸር ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

በፅንስ ሽግግር (ET) ውስጥ ለጋሷ (donor) የላቀ ዘረመል ያላት ስትሆን፣ ተቀባይዋ (recipient) ግን ዝቅተኛ ምርታማነት ያላት እና እርግዝናን የምትሸከም ናት።

ከGrade 11 Agriculture፣ ገጽ 94-107 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 6 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

According to animal genetics, what are genes?

  1. A.Small sections of DNA coded for specific traits
  2. B.Proteins added to compound feed for livestock
  3. C.Hormones used to treat female reproductive organs
  4. D.Liquid fluids collected from superior male animals
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Small sections of DNA coded for specific traits

ምክንያቱ

Genes are small sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that are coded for specific traits and are located on chromosomes.

ጥያቄ 2

Which of the following is a common characteristic of local livestock breeds in Ethiopia?

  1. A.They mature very early and have large body sizes
  2. B.They produce higher yields than exotic breeds
  3. C.They are adapted to the local environment and resist diseases
  4. D.They cannot survive in the Ethiopian climate
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C They are adapted to the local environment and resist diseases

ምክንያቱ

The textbook states that Ethiopian local breeds are usually small and slow to mature, but they are well adapted to the local environment and resistant to diseases.

ጥያቄ 3

At what temperature is bull semen stored in liquid nitrogen for artificial insemination?

  1. A.0 °C
  2. B.-20 °C
  3. C.-100 °C
  4. D.-196 °C
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D -196 °C

ምክንያቱ

Semen containing spermatozoa is diluted and stored in liquid nitrogen in a freezer at a temperature of -196 °C.

ጥያቄ 4

Which of the following is classified as a temporary method of animal identification?

  1. A.Ear notching
  2. B.Branding
  3. C.Marking the tail with chalk
  4. D.Inserting microchips
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Marking the tail with chalk

ምክንያቱ

Tail marking with a pen or chalk, clipping hair, and dying fur are temporary methods, while branding, ear notches, and microchips are permanent.

ጥያቄ 5

When a farmer selects breeding stock based strictly on the performance of their ancestors, which method of artificial selection is being used?

  1. A.Mass selection
  2. B.Pedigree selection
  3. C.Progeny selection
  4. D.Family selection
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Pedigree selection

ምክንያቱ

Pedigree selection is the method where animals are selected or rejected based on the performance of their ancestors.

ጥያቄ 6

What does the term culling mean in animal breeding and management?

  1. A.Removing animals that do not perform at the desired level from the herd
  2. B.Mating closely related animals such as brother and sister
  3. C.Treating a donor cow with hormones to produce multiple eggs
  4. D.Keeping detailed records of an animal's daily milk production
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Removing animals that do not perform at the desired level from the herd

ምክንያቱ

Culling is the removal of animals which do not perform at the desired level from the herd, leaving only superior animals for breeding.

ጥያቄ 7

A farmer in Arsi mates an Arsi cow with a Holstein Friesian (HF) bull. What type of breeding system is this?

  1. A.In-breeding
  2. B.Line-breeding
  3. C.Cross breeding
  4. D.Pedigree breeding
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Cross breeding

ምክንያቱ

Cross breeding is the mating of animals of the same species but different breeds, such as mating an Arsi cow with an HF bull.

ጥያቄ 8

Which of the following is a physical sign that a cow is in heat (oestrus)?

  1. A.Swelling around the vulva and a thin mucous discharge
  2. B.Sudden increase in feed appetite
  3. C.Complete avoidance of all other herd-mates
  4. D.Dry, pale lips of the vulva
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Swelling around the vulva and a thin mucous discharge

ምክንያቱ

Signs of oestrus include loss of appetite, restlessness, vocalization, swelling around the vulva, redder and moister vulva lips, and a thin mucous discharge.

ጥያቄ 9

How does line-breeding differ from close in-breeding?

  1. A.Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals so undesirable traits take longer to appear
  2. B.Line-breeding mates unrelated animals belonging to completely different species
  3. C.Line-breeding produces hybrid vigor immediately in the first generation
  4. D.Line-breeding completely eliminates all recessive genes permanently
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals so undesirable traits take longer to appear

ምክንያቱ

Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals (like cousins). It has similar disadvantages to close in-breeding, but it takes a longer period for in-breeding depression to appear.

ጥያቄ 10

During the recto-vaginal method of artificial insemination in cattle, why does the inseminator insert a gloved hand into the rectum?

  1. A.To deposit the semen straw directly into the rectal wall
  2. B.To catch and hold the cervix through the rectal wall
  3. C.To recover unfertilized eggs from the ovary
  4. D.To measure the exact internal temperature of the cow
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B To catch and hold the cervix through the rectal wall

ምክንያቱ

In the recto-vaginal technique, the gloved hand is inserted into the rectum to grasp and guide the cervix through the rectal wall while the AI gun passes through the vagina.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 6 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 6 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 91 እስከ ገጽ 105 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 270 ገጾች

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