Bu'aan kutaa 12ffaa ba'eera; bu'aa kee eessatti akka ilaaltu

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 6 Qonna kutaa 11: Jinetiksii fi Horsiisa Beeyladaa

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 6 kitaaba Qonna kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

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4
Kaardii
10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6
91–105
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 6

Boqonnaan 6 maal haguuga

  1. 1.Introduction to animal genetics and breeding
  2. 2.Breed improvement methods
  3. 3.Farm animal reproductive technologies
  4. 4.Animal identification and record keeping

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 6

Kaardiiwwan fuula Qonna kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Ramaddii MallattooFakkeenyaKaayyoo Ijoo
Mallattoo dhaabbataa (Permanent identification)Branding, ear tags, tattooing, ear notches, microchipsPedigree, fayyaa, fi culling ilaalchisee hordoffii umrii guutuu gochuu
Mallattoo yeroo (Temporary identification)Duumee mallatteessuu (pen/chalk), rifeensa haaddachuu, rifeensa rifeensaa halluu dibuuYeroo gabaabaaf loon qabuu fi bulchuu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Malaalee beeylada adda baasuu dhaabbataa fi yeroo qooduuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Qabduun gurraa fi gurra sararuun mallattoolee dhaabbataadha, halluu fi chookiin dhoobuun garuu yeroof qofa.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 94-107 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Sirna HorsiisaaFirooma Beeyladoota Wal-horaniiAmala Ijoo
In-breedingFira dhihoo kan ta'an (fkn. abbaa fi intala, siblings)Pure lines, balaa in-breeding depression
Line-breedingFira fagoo kan ta'an (fkn. cousins)Ancestor traits ni cimsa, depression tursiisuu
Out-breedingBreed walfakkaataa keessatti fira kan hin taaneBreed keessatti vigor fi oomishtummaa dabaluu
Cross-breedingSpecies walfakkaataa keessatti breeds adda addaaHeterosis yookiin hybrid vigor

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sirnoota horsiisa firummaa qabanii fi hin qabne akkasumas bu'aawwan dhalmayaa isaanii walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Out-breeding sanyii tokko keessatti ta'a, cross-breeding garuu sanyiilee adda addaa gosa tokkoo gidduutti gaggeeffama.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 94-107 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Mala FilannooBu'uura Filannoo
Mass selectionDirree keessatti raawwii dhuunfaa ofii
Progeny selectionRaawwii ilmaan ykn dhala (offspring)
Family selectionRaawwii firootaa ykn miseensota maatii
Pedigree selectionRaawwii dhaloota duraanii (ancestors)

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ragaa raawwii irratti hundaa'uun gosoota filannoo nam-tolchee arfan adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Filannoo pedigree (akaakayyuu) fi filannoo progeny (ilmaan) walitti hin makhinaa.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 94-107 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

TeeknooloojiiMeeshaa BaayoloojikaawaaKuusaa IjooGahee Ijoo Baayoloojikaawaa
Artificial Insemination (AI)Semen (seelota sperm)−196∘C-196^{\circ}\text{C} liquid nitrogen keessattiGenetics kormaa filatamaa gara female reproductive tract dhaltuutti galchuu
Embryo Transfer (ET)Fertilized embryosFresh yookiin frozen ta'ee dabarfamaDhaltuu filatamtuun (donor) karaa surrogate recipient baay'ifamti

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Adeemsaalee fi qabiyyee rimaa nam-tolchee (AI) fi jijjiirraa dhiitii (ET) walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Jijjiirraa dhiitii keessatti, arjoomtuun dhaltuu qulqullina olaanaa qabdu yoo taatu, fudhattuun garuu dhaltuu sadarkaa gadii ulfa baattudha.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 94-107 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 6

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to animal genetics, what are genes?

  1. A.Small sections of DNA coded for specific traits
  2. B.Proteins added to compound feed for livestock
  3. C.Hormones used to treat female reproductive organs
  4. D.Liquid fluids collected from superior male animals
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Small sections of DNA coded for specific traits

Sababa

Genes are small sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that are coded for specific traits and are located on chromosomes.

Gaaffii 2

Which of the following is a common characteristic of local livestock breeds in Ethiopia?

  1. A.They mature very early and have large body sizes
  2. B.They produce higher yields than exotic breeds
  3. C.They are adapted to the local environment and resist diseases
  4. D.They cannot survive in the Ethiopian climate
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C They are adapted to the local environment and resist diseases

Sababa

The textbook states that Ethiopian local breeds are usually small and slow to mature, but they are well adapted to the local environment and resistant to diseases.

Gaaffii 3

At what temperature is bull semen stored in liquid nitrogen for artificial insemination?

  1. A.0 °C
  2. B.-20 °C
  3. C.-100 °C
  4. D.-196 °C
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D -196 °C

Sababa

Semen containing spermatozoa is diluted and stored in liquid nitrogen in a freezer at a temperature of -196 °C.

Gaaffii 4

Which of the following is classified as a temporary method of animal identification?

  1. A.Ear notching
  2. B.Branding
  3. C.Marking the tail with chalk
  4. D.Inserting microchips
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Marking the tail with chalk

Sababa

Tail marking with a pen or chalk, clipping hair, and dying fur are temporary methods, while branding, ear notches, and microchips are permanent.

Gaaffii 5

When a farmer selects breeding stock based strictly on the performance of their ancestors, which method of artificial selection is being used?

  1. A.Mass selection
  2. B.Pedigree selection
  3. C.Progeny selection
  4. D.Family selection
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Pedigree selection

Sababa

Pedigree selection is the method where animals are selected or rejected based on the performance of their ancestors.

Gaaffii 6

What does the term culling mean in animal breeding and management?

  1. A.Removing animals that do not perform at the desired level from the herd
  2. B.Mating closely related animals such as brother and sister
  3. C.Treating a donor cow with hormones to produce multiple eggs
  4. D.Keeping detailed records of an animal's daily milk production
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Removing animals that do not perform at the desired level from the herd

Sababa

Culling is the removal of animals which do not perform at the desired level from the herd, leaving only superior animals for breeding.

Gaaffii 7

A farmer in Arsi mates an Arsi cow with a Holstein Friesian (HF) bull. What type of breeding system is this?

  1. A.In-breeding
  2. B.Line-breeding
  3. C.Cross breeding
  4. D.Pedigree breeding
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Cross breeding

Sababa

Cross breeding is the mating of animals of the same species but different breeds, such as mating an Arsi cow with an HF bull.

Gaaffii 8

Which of the following is a physical sign that a cow is in heat (oestrus)?

  1. A.Swelling around the vulva and a thin mucous discharge
  2. B.Sudden increase in feed appetite
  3. C.Complete avoidance of all other herd-mates
  4. D.Dry, pale lips of the vulva
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Swelling around the vulva and a thin mucous discharge

Sababa

Signs of oestrus include loss of appetite, restlessness, vocalization, swelling around the vulva, redder and moister vulva lips, and a thin mucous discharge.

Gaaffii 9

How does line-breeding differ from close in-breeding?

  1. A.Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals so undesirable traits take longer to appear
  2. B.Line-breeding mates unrelated animals belonging to completely different species
  3. C.Line-breeding produces hybrid vigor immediately in the first generation
  4. D.Line-breeding completely eliminates all recessive genes permanently
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals so undesirable traits take longer to appear

Sababa

Line-breeding involves mating distantly related animals (like cousins). It has similar disadvantages to close in-breeding, but it takes a longer period for in-breeding depression to appear.

Gaaffii 10

During the recto-vaginal method of artificial insemination in cattle, why does the inseminator insert a gloved hand into the rectum?

  1. A.To deposit the semen straw directly into the rectal wall
  2. B.To catch and hold the cervix through the rectal wall
  3. C.To recover unfertilized eggs from the ovary
  4. D.To measure the exact internal temperature of the cow
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B To catch and hold the cervix through the rectal wall

Sababa

In the recto-vaginal technique, the gloved hand is inserted into the rectum to grasp and guide the cervix through the rectal wall while the AI gun passes through the vagina.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 6

Boqonnaan 6 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 91 hanga fuula 105 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 270

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Qonna kutaa 11 hunda

Boqonnaa kana appii keessatti shaakali

Temari boqonnaa kana gara shaakala yeroon daangeffametti jijjiira; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa; wanti si hin galinis barsiisaa AI tiin ni ibsama.

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