Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 5 Qonna kutaa 11: Nyaata Beeyladaa fi Haala Nyaachisaa

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 5 kitaaba Qonna kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

4
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5: 68–90
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 5

Boqonnaan 5 maal haguuga

1.Feed resources in Ethiopia
2.Classification of feed resources
3.Nutrient requirement of farm animals
4.Feed formulation practices
5.Feed conservation and compound feed

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 5

Kaardiiwwan fuula Qonna kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Ulaagaalee Ramaddii Nyaata BeelladaaGabatee wabiiRoughages · Energy-rich concentrates · Protein-rich concentrates

Garee Nyaataa	Crude Fiber	TDN	Crude Protein
Roughages	$> 18\%$	$< 60\%$	Variable
Energy-rich concentrates	$< 18\%$	$> 60\%$	$< 18\%$
Protein-rich concentrates	$< 18\%$	$> 60\%$	$> 18\%$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Nyaata beelladaa qabiyyee Crude Fiber, TDN fi Crude Protein irratti hundaa'uun gara Roughages yookiin Concentrates tti ramaduuf gargaara.

Of eeggadhu

Roughages qabiyyee Crude Fiber dhibbeentaa 18 ol fi TDN dhibbeentaa 60 gadi qaba. Concentrates immoo Crude Fiber dhibbeentaa 18 gadi fi TDN dhibbeentaa 60 ol qaba.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 69-93 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Walgidduuddeessa Tooftaalee Nyaata Beelladaa OlkaawuuGabatee wabiiAdeemsa tursiisuu · Egentii tursiisaa · Qabiyyee jiidhaa xumuraa · +1

Amala	Hay	Silage
Adeemsa tursiisuu	Googsuu (curing)	Anaerobic fermentation
Egentii tursiisaa	Aduu fi qilleensa	Lactic acid ( $pH \le 4$ )
Qabiyyee jiidhaa xumuraa	$15\% - 20\%$	$60\% - 70\%$
Caasaa kuusaa	Bales yookaan tripod stand	Silo pit yookaan bag qilleensi hin seenne

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Tooftaalee qophii Hay fi Silage, haala olkaawwii, fi qabiyyee jiidhaa xumuraa walbira qabuuf gargaara.

Of eeggadhu

Hay qilleensa keessatti jiidha gara dhibbeentaa 15 hanga 20 tti hir'isuun tolfama, Silage immoo bakka qilleensi hin jirretti Lactic acid uumuun pH gara 4 yookiin gadi buusa.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 69-93 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Herrega Makiinsa Nyaataa Pirsen IskuweerFoormulaa

W_A = \frac{|CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|}{|CP_A - CP_{\text{target}}| + |CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|} \times W_{\text{total}}

W_A = \frac{|CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|}{|CP_A - CP_{\text{target}}| + |CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|} \times W_{\text{total}}

$W_A$: Hanga Nyaata A makiinsa keessatti barbaadamu $\text{kg}$
$CP_A$: Dhibbeentaa Crude Protein kan Nyaata A $\%$
$CP_B$: Dhibbeentaa Crude Protein kan Nyaata B $\%$
$CP_{\text{target}}$: Dhibbeentaa Crude Protein makiinsa xumuraa keessatti barbaadamu $\%$
$W_{\text{total}}$: Hanga waliigalaa makiinsa nyaataa qophaa'uu $\text{kg}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Qabiyyee Crude Protein barbaadamu argachuuf nyaata beelladaa gosa lama walitti makuun hanga isaanii herreguuf gargaara.

Of eeggadhu

Nyaatawwan lamaan keessaa tokko qabiyyee barbaadamu ol, inni kaan immoo qabiyyee barbaadamu gadi ta'uu qaba. Hir'isuu kofaatiin mallattoon nagaatiffaa hin fudhatamu.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 69-93 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Dogongora Qabiinsa fi Nyaachisa SilageDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Beelladoota silage nyaachuun dhorkamee fi adeemsa baninsa boolla silage sirrii hin taane adda baasuuf gargaara.

Of eeggadhu

Silage beellada garaa tokkee (monogastric), jabbilee ji'a 6 gadii, fi saawwan dhiyeenya dhallaniif kennuun dhorkaa dha. Boolla silage guutummaatti yeroo tokkotti banuun qilleensa seensisee nyaata balleessa.

Grade 11 Agriculture, fuula 69-93 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

In livestock production enterprises, what percentage of the total operating cost is typically spent on animal feed?

A.10% to 25%
B.30% to 45%
C.50% to 80%
D.85% to 95%

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 50% to 80%

Sababa

The textbook states that feed is the largest operating cost in livestock production, varying from 50% to 80% depending on the operating area.

Gaaffii 2

Which of the following elements is classified as a macro-mineral in animal nutrition?

A.Calcium (Ca)
B.Copper (Cu)
C.Iodine (I)
D.Zinc (Zn)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Calcium (Ca)

Sababa

Macro-minerals are required in larger amounts by the animal body and include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na). Copper, iodine, and zinc are micro or trace minerals.

Gaaffii 3

What is the Pearson Square method used for in livestock feeding?

A.Determining the soil fertility of grazing lands
B.Calculating the portion of two feeds needed to balance a ration
C.Measuring moisture loss in hay bales
D.Counting the bacterial population during silage fermentation

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Calculating the portion of two feeds needed to balance a ration

Sababa

The Pearson Square method is a well-known method used to calculate the proportions of two feeds needed to meet either the protein or energy requirements of an animal.

Gaaffii 4

What is the primary purpose of the curing process in hay making?

A.To increase the crude fiber content above 50%
B.To reduce the moisture content of green crops from 70-90% to 15-20%
C.To raise the pH level of the forage to 8 or higher
D.To promote anaerobic bacterial growth under sealed plastic

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B To reduce the moisture content of green crops from 70-90% to 15-20%

Sababa

Curing is the drying process in hay making that reduces the moisture content of green crops from 70-90% down to 15-20% using energy from the sun and wind.

Gaaffii 5

According to the classification of animal feeds, a feedstuff is defined as a roughage when it contains:

A.Less than 18% crude fiber and more than 60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
B.More than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
C.More than 18% crude protein and less than 10% moisture
D.Less than 18% crude protein and more than 80% dry matter

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B More than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Sababa

Roughages are bulky feeds containing more than 18% crude fiber and less than 60% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). Concentrates contain less than 18% crude fiber and more than 60% TDN.

Gaaffii 6

Which agro-industrial by-product contains about 54% TDN and 3% protein, and is used as an appetizer and dust settler?

A.Wheat bran
B.Soybean meal
C.Molasses
D.Brewer's spent grain

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Molasses

Sababa

Molasses is a sugar industry by-product that provides high energy (54% TDN) and low protein (3%). It serves as an appetizer and stops dry feed from becoming dusty.

Gaaffii 7

During the packing and sealing stage of silage making, which chemical change lowers the pH to 4 or below?

A.Aerobic respiration converting fats into amino acids
B.Carbohydrates breaking down into organic acids such as lactic acid
C.Proteins transforming directly into urea and mineral salts
D.Vitamins absorbing excess water from the compacted forage

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Carbohydrates breaking down into organic acids such as lactic acid

Sababa

Under anaerobic conditions in a sealed silo, carbohydrates (sugars) break down into organic acids (especially lactic acid), which reduces the pH to 4 or lower and preserves the feed.

Gaaffii 8

A farmer near Debre Zeit observes cattle chewing on wood and metal objects, showing stiff joints and producing less milk. Which nutrient deficiency causes these specific signs?

A.Carbohydrates
B.Fats
C.Minerals
D.Water

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Minerals

Sababa

Chewing and suckling of wood and metal, stiff joints, weakened bones and teeth, and drop in milk production are textbook signs of mineral deficiencies in livestock.

Gaaffii 9

A farmer wants to prepare 200 kg of feed containing 16% crude protein (CP) using maize grain (9.5% CP) and soybean meal (42% CP). Using the Pearson Square method, how many kilograms of maize and soybean meal are needed?

A.160 kg maize and 40 kg soybean meal
B.100 kg maize and 100 kg soybean meal
C.140 kg maize and 60 kg soybean meal
D.180 kg maize and 20 kg soybean meal

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 160 kg maize and 40 kg soybean meal

Sababa

Using the Pearson Square: parts of maize = |42 - 16| = 26; parts of soybean meal = |9.5 - 16| = 6.5; total parts = 32.5. For 100 kg, maize is (26 / 32.5) * 100 = 80 kg and soybean meal is (6.5 / 32.5) * 100 = 20 kg. Therefore, for 200 kg, the farmer needs 160 kg of maize and 40 kg of soybean meal.

Gaaffii 10

According to the management checklist for feeding silage, which animals must NOT be fed silage?

A.Mature oxen used for plowing
B.Cows in late pregnancy and calves under 6 months old
C.Dairy cows during the first stage of lactation
D.Fattening steers fed in a commercial feedlot

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Cows in late pregnancy and calves under 6 months old

Sababa

The textbook silage feeding checklist specifies: do not feed cows that are in late pregnancy, calves that are less than 6 months old, or animals that are sick, hungry, and weak.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 5

Boqonnaan 5 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 68 hanga fuula 90 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 270

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Qonna kutaa 11 hunda

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