የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 1፦ የሸማች ባህሪ እና ፍላጎት ንድፈ ሃሳብ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 1 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

5
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 1 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 2–34
የምዕራፍ 1 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 1 የሚሸፍነው

1.Review of the Cardinal Utility Approach
2.The Ordinal Utility Theory and Preferences
3.Indifference Curve, Set and Map
4.Properties of Indifference Curves
5.The Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
6.Marginal Utility and MRS
7.Special Types of Indifference Curves
8.The Budget Line or the Price line
9.Slope of the Budget Line
10.Factors Affecting the Budget Line
11.Effects of Changes in Income
12.Effects of Changes in Price of the Commodities
13.Optimum of the Consumer
14.Effects of Changes in Income and Prices on Consumer's Equilibrium
15.Price Consumption Curve and Deriving the Demand Curve

የምዕራፍ 1 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የባጀት መስመር ቀመርቀመር

M = P_X X + P_Y Y

M = P_X X + P_Y Y

$M$: የሸማች የገንዘብ ገቢ $\text{Birr}$
$P_X$: የእቃ X ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$
$X$: የእቃ X መጠን $\text{units}$
$P_Y$: የእቃ Y ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$
$Y$: የእቃ Y መጠን $\text{units}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ሸማቹ ሙሉ ገቢውን ተጠቅሞ ሊገዛቸው የሚችላቸውን የእቃዎች ጥምረት ወሰን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የገቢ ለውጥ መስመሩን በትይዩ ያንቀሳቅሰዋል፣ የአንድ እቃ ዋጋ ለውጥ ግን ስሎፑን በመቀየር መስመሩን ያሽከረክረዋል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 2-34 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የካርዲናል ዩቲሊቲ የሸማች ሚዛንቀመር

\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}

\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}

$MU_X$: የእቃ X ወሰናዊ ጠቀሜታ $\text{utils per unit}$
$MU_Y$: የእቃ Y ወሰናዊ ጠቀሜታ $\text{utils per unit}$
$P_X$: የእቃ X ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$
$P_Y$: የእቃ Y ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

እርካታ በቁጥር በሚለካበት በካርዲናል ዩቲሊቲ ንድፈ ሀሳብ የሸማቹን ከፍተኛ እርካታ የሚሰጥ የፍጆታ መጠን ለማግኘት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

በብር የሚገኘውን ተጨማሪ እርካታ ማመጣጠን ብቻውን በቂ አይደለም። የተሰጠው አጠቃላይ ገቢም ሙሉ በሙሉ ስራ ላይ መዋል አለበት።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 2-34 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ማርጂናል ሬት ኦፍ ሰብስቲቲዩሽንቀመር

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}

$MRS_{X,Y}$: የእቃ X በእቃ Y የመተካት ወሰናዊ ምጣኔ $\text{units of Y per unit of X}$
$MU_X$: የእቃ X ወሰናዊ ጠቀሜታ $\text{utils per unit}$
$MU_Y$: የእቃ Y ወሰናዊ ጠቀሜታ $\text{utils per unit}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ሸማቹ አጠቃላይ እርካታውን ሳይቀይር አንዱን ተጨማሪ የ X እቃ ለማግኘት አሳልፎ የሚሰጠውን የ Y እቃ መጠን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

በለውጥ ጥምርታ ላይ የ Y ለውጥ በላዩ ክፍል ሲሆን፣ በ marginal utility ጥምርታ ላይ ግን MU_X በላይኛው ክፍል ይቀመጣል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 2-34 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የኦርዲናል ዩቲሊቲ የሸማች ሚዛንቀመር

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{P_X}{P_Y}

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{P_X}{P_Y}

$MRS_{X,Y}$: ወሰናዊ የመተካት ምጣኔ $\text{units of Y per unit of X}$
$P_X$: የእቃ X ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$
$P_Y$: የእቃ Y ዋጋ $\text{Birr}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የባጀት መስመሩ ከፍተኛው የኢንዲፈረንስ ከርቭ ጋር በሚነካካበት ነጥብ ላይ የሸማቹን ምርጥ ሚዛን ለማግኘት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

ይህ የመነካካት ሁኔታ የሚሰራው ኢንዲፈረንስ ከርቩ ኮንቬክስ ሲሆን እና ሙሉ ገቢ ወጪ ሲደረግ ብቻ ነው።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 2-34 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የኢንዲፈረንስ ከርቭ አይነቶችየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥStandard Goods · Perfect Substitutes · Perfect Complements

የእቃው አይነት	የኢንዲፈረንስ ከርቭ ቅርፅ	የMRS ባህሪ	የዩቲሊቲ ፈንክሽን
Standard Goods	ወደ origin convex የሆነ	እየቀነሰ የሚሄድ (Diminishing)	$U = f(X, Y)$
Perfect Substitutes	ወደ ታች የሚያዘነብል ቀጥተኛ መስመር	ቋሚ (Constant)	$U = aX + bY$
Perfect Complements	የ L ቅርጽ ያለው right angle	ዜሮ	$U = \min(aX, bY)$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በሁለት እቃዎች ዝምድና ላይ ተመስርተው የከርቩን ቅርፅ፣ የተለዋዋጭነት ባህሪ እና የፈንክሽን ቀመር ለመለየት ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

የ perfect complements እቃዎች MRS ዜሮ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም አንዱን እቃ ብቻውን መጨመር ምንም ተጨማሪ እርካታ አይሰጥም።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 2-34 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 1 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

According to cardinal utility theory, how is consumer satisfaction measured?

A.In absolute numbers using units called utils
B.Only by ranking bundles as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
C.By calculating the slope of the demand curve
D.Using the marginal rate of substitution

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A In absolute numbers using units called utils

ምክንያቱ

Cardinal utility theory assumes that satisfaction or happiness is measurable in absolute numbers, and the unit of measurement is called utils.

ጥያቄ 2

What is an indifference curve?

A.A line showing combinations of goods that cost the exact same amount of money
B.A curve showing combinations of two goods that yield the same level of satisfaction
C.A curve that shows how marginal utility rises as consumption rises
D.A line that shows the relationship between income and total spending

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A curve showing combinations of two goods that yield the same level of satisfaction

ምክንያቱ

An indifference curve is an iso-utility curve. It is the locus of points showing alternative combinations of two goods that provide the consumer with the same level of utility.

ጥያቄ 3

What is the shape of an indifference curve for two goods that are perfect complements, such as a left shoe and a right shoe?

A.A downward sloping straight line
B.An upward sloping curve
C.An L-shaped (right angle) line
D.A circular curve

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C An L-shaped (right angle) line

ምክንያቱ

For goods that are perfect complements and consumed jointly in fixed proportions, the indifference curve takes the shape of a right angle, or an L-shape.

ጥያቄ 4

Any consumption bundle that lies inside or on the consumer's budget line represents which type of expenditure area?

A.Unattainable area
B.Feasible area
C.Non-feasible area
D.Satiated area

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Feasible area

ምክንያቱ

The area inside or on the budget line represents the feasible (achievable) area because the total cost does not exceed the consumer's income.

ጥያቄ 5

Fenet increases her consumption of tea from 4 cups to 5 cups. Her total utility increases from 40 utils to 50 utils. What is the marginal utility of the 5th cup of tea?

A.2 utils
B.8 utils
C.10 utils
D.50 utils

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C 10 utils

ምክንያቱ

Marginal utility is the extra utility gained from consuming one more unit. Here, MU = 50 - 40 = 10 utils.

ጥያቄ 6

Bereket has a monthly pocket money of 60 Birr to spend on tea (good X) and coffee (good Y). The price of tea is 3 Birr per cup and the price of coffee is 6 Birr per cup. What is the maximum amount of tea Bereket can buy if he spends all his money on tea?

A.10 cups
B.20 cups
C.30 cups
D.60 cups

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 20 cups

ምክንያቱ

The maximum amount of good X the consumer can buy is given by the horizontal intercept formula: X = M / P_X = 60 / 3 = 20 cups.

ጥያቄ 7

If the marginal utility of teff (good X) is 12 utils and the marginal utility of wheat (good Y) is 4 utils, what is the marginal rate of substitution of teff for wheat (MRS_X,Y)?

A.0.33
B.3
C.8
D.48

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 3

ምክንያቱ

The marginal rate of substitution is calculated as MRS_X,Y = MU_X / MU_Y = 12 / 4 = 3.

ጥያቄ 8

Why is it impossible for two indifference curves to intersect each other?

A.Because prices of goods are fixed in the market
B.Because intersecting curves violate the transitivity assumption of preferences
C.Because money income is always limited
D.Because the slope of the budget line is negative

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Because intersecting curves violate the transitivity assumption of preferences

ምክንያቱ

If two indifference curves intersected, a single basket would denote two different satisfaction levels. This violates the transitivity (consistency) rule of ordinal utility theory.

ጥያቄ 9

A consumer in Addis Ababa allocates income between bread (good X) at 4 Birr per loaf and sugar (good Y) at 20 Birr per packet. At the consumer optimum, what must the marginal rate of substitution (MRS_X,Y) be?

A.0.2
B.5.0
C.16.0
D.80.0

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 0.2

ምክንያቱ

At the point of consumer optimum, MRS_X,Y = P_X / P_Y. Therefore, MRS_X,Y = 4 / 20 = 0.2.

ጥያቄ 10

What happens to a consumer's budget line if the price of good X increases, while income and the price of good Y remain constant?

A.It shifts outward parallel to the original budget line
B.It shifts downward parallel to the original budget line
C.It pivots inward on the X-axis while the Y-intercept remains constant
D.It pivots outward on the Y-axis while the X-intercept remains constant

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C It pivots inward on the X-axis while the Y-intercept remains constant

ምክንያቱ

Since the price of good Y and money income do not change, the Y-intercept (M / P_Y) stays fixed. An increase in the price of X reduces the maximum X that can be bought (M / P_X), pivoting the budget line inward along the X-axis.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።