Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 1 Diinagdee kutaa 11: Yaadrimee Amala Fayyadamaa fi Fedhii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 1 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1: 2–34
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 1

Boqonnaan 1 maal haguuga

1.Review of the Cardinal Utility Approach
2.The Ordinal Utility Theory and Preferences
3.Indifference Curve, Set and Map
4.Properties of Indifference Curves
5.The Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
6.Marginal Utility and MRS
7.Special Types of Indifference Curves
8.The Budget Line or the Price line
9.Slope of the Budget Line
10.Factors Affecting the Budget Line
11.Effects of Changes in Income
12.Effects of Changes in Price of the Commodities
13.Optimum of the Consumer
14.Effects of Changes in Income and Prices on Consumer's Equilibrium
15.Price Consumption Curve and Deriving the Demand Curve

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 1

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Hojii Sarara BaajataaFoormulaa

M = P_X X + P_Y Y

M = P_X X + P_Y Y

$M$: Galii maallaqa fayyadamaa $\text{Birr}$
$P_X$: Gatii meeshaa X $\text{Birr}$
$X$: Hamma meeshaa X $\text{units}$
$P_Y$: Gatii meeshaa Y $\text{Birr}$
$Y$: Hamma meeshaa Y $\text{units}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Fayyadamaan galii isaa guutuu yeroo fayyadamu walnyaatinsa oomishootaa argachuu danda'u shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Jijjiiramni galii sararicha walsimsiisee sochoosa, jijjiiramni gatii oomisha tokkoo garuu slope jijjiiruun sararicha naannessa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 2-34 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Qixxeeffama Fayyadamaa Yaada KaardinaaliiFoormulaa

\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}

\frac{MU_X}{P_X} = \frac{MU_Y}{P_Y}

$MU_X$: Fayyadamummaa daangaa meeshaa X $\text{utils per unit}$
$MU_Y$: Fayyadamummaa daangaa meeshaa Y $\text{utils per unit}$
$P_X$: Gatii meeshaa X $\text{Birr}$
$P_Y$: Gatii meeshaa Y $\text{Birr}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo yaada kaardinaal yuutilitii keessatti itti quufinsi lakkoofsaan safaramu qindoomina itti quufinsa olaanaa kennu argachuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yuutilitii dabalataa gatii qarshiitiin walqixxeessuun qofti gahaa miti. Galiin jiru hundi guutummaatti baasii ta'uu qaba.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 2-34 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Maarjinaal Reetii BakkabuuftuuFoormulaa

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{MU_X}{MU_Y}

$MRS_{X,Y}$: Reetii bakka bu'iinsa daangaa meeshaa X meeshaa Y tiin $\text{units of Y per unit of X}$
$MU_X$: Fayyadamummaa daangaa meeshaa X $\text{utils per unit}$
$MU_Y$: Fayyadamummaa daangaa meeshaa Y $\text{utils per unit}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo fayyadamaan tokko sadarkaa itti quufinsaa utuu hin jijjiirin oomisha X dabalataa argachuuf oomisha Y meeqa akka dhiisu shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Reeshoo jijjiiramaa irratti jijjiiramni Y gubbaa ta'a, garuu reeshoo marginal utility irratti MU_X tu gubbaa ta'a.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 2-34 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Qixxeeffama Fayyadamaa Yaada OordinaaliiFoormulaa

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{P_X}{P_Y}

MRS_{X,Y} = \frac{P_X}{P_Y}

$MRS_{X,Y}$: Reetii bakka bu'iinsa daangaa $\text{units of Y per unit of X}$
$P_X$: Gatii meeshaa X $\text{Birr}$
$P_Y$: Gatii meeshaa Y $\text{Birr}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Bakka sararri baajataa kurfii quubsumsaa isa olaanaa tuttuqu irratti qixxeeffama fayyadamaa shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Ulaagaan kun kan hojjetu yoo kurfiin quubsumsaa konveeksii ta'ee fi galiin guutummaatti baasii ta'e qofaadha.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 2-34 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gosa Kurfii QuubsumsaaGabatee wabiiStandard Goods · Perfect Substitutes · Perfect Complements

Gosa Oomishaa	Boca Kurfii Quubsumsaa	Amala MRS	Faankishinii Yuutilitii
Standard Goods	Gara origin tti convex kan ta'e	Hir'ataa kan deemu (Diminishing)	$U = f(X, Y)$
Perfect Substitutes	Sarara qajeelaa gara gadiitti gadi bu'u	Dhaabbataa (Constant)	$U = aX + bY$
Perfect Complements	Boca L kan qabu right angle	Zeeroo	$U = \min(aX, bY)$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Walitti dhufeenya oomishoota lamaan irratti hundaa'uun boca kurfii, amala bakka bu'insaa fi foormulaa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Oomishoota perfect complements ta'aniif MRSn zeeroo ta'a, sababiin isaas oomisha tokko qofa dabaluun yuutilitii dabalataa hin kennu.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 2-34 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 1

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to cardinal utility theory, how is consumer satisfaction measured?

A.In absolute numbers using units called utils
B.Only by ranking bundles as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
C.By calculating the slope of the demand curve
D.Using the marginal rate of substitution

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A In absolute numbers using units called utils

Sababa

Cardinal utility theory assumes that satisfaction or happiness is measurable in absolute numbers, and the unit of measurement is called utils.

Gaaffii 2

What is an indifference curve?

A.A line showing combinations of goods that cost the exact same amount of money
B.A curve showing combinations of two goods that yield the same level of satisfaction
C.A curve that shows how marginal utility rises as consumption rises
D.A line that shows the relationship between income and total spending

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A curve showing combinations of two goods that yield the same level of satisfaction

Sababa

An indifference curve is an iso-utility curve. It is the locus of points showing alternative combinations of two goods that provide the consumer with the same level of utility.

Gaaffii 3

What is the shape of an indifference curve for two goods that are perfect complements, such as a left shoe and a right shoe?

A.A downward sloping straight line
B.An upward sloping curve
C.An L-shaped (right angle) line
D.A circular curve

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C An L-shaped (right angle) line

Sababa

For goods that are perfect complements and consumed jointly in fixed proportions, the indifference curve takes the shape of a right angle, or an L-shape.

Gaaffii 4

Any consumption bundle that lies inside or on the consumer's budget line represents which type of expenditure area?

A.Unattainable area
B.Feasible area
C.Non-feasible area
D.Satiated area

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Feasible area

Sababa

The area inside or on the budget line represents the feasible (achievable) area because the total cost does not exceed the consumer's income.

Gaaffii 5

Fenet increases her consumption of tea from 4 cups to 5 cups. Her total utility increases from 40 utils to 50 utils. What is the marginal utility of the 5th cup of tea?

A.2 utils
B.8 utils
C.10 utils
D.50 utils

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 10 utils

Sababa

Marginal utility is the extra utility gained from consuming one more unit. Here, MU = 50 - 40 = 10 utils.

Gaaffii 6

Bereket has a monthly pocket money of 60 Birr to spend on tea (good X) and coffee (good Y). The price of tea is 3 Birr per cup and the price of coffee is 6 Birr per cup. What is the maximum amount of tea Bereket can buy if he spends all his money on tea?

A.10 cups
B.20 cups
C.30 cups
D.60 cups

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 20 cups

Sababa

The maximum amount of good X the consumer can buy is given by the horizontal intercept formula: X = M / P_X = 60 / 3 = 20 cups.

Gaaffii 7

If the marginal utility of teff (good X) is 12 utils and the marginal utility of wheat (good Y) is 4 utils, what is the marginal rate of substitution of teff for wheat (MRS_X,Y)?

A.0.33
B.3
C.8
D.48

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 3

Sababa

The marginal rate of substitution is calculated as MRS_X,Y = MU_X / MU_Y = 12 / 4 = 3.

Gaaffii 8

Why is it impossible for two indifference curves to intersect each other?

A.Because prices of goods are fixed in the market
B.Because intersecting curves violate the transitivity assumption of preferences
C.Because money income is always limited
D.Because the slope of the budget line is negative

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Because intersecting curves violate the transitivity assumption of preferences

Sababa

If two indifference curves intersected, a single basket would denote two different satisfaction levels. This violates the transitivity (consistency) rule of ordinal utility theory.

Gaaffii 9

A consumer in Addis Ababa allocates income between bread (good X) at 4 Birr per loaf and sugar (good Y) at 20 Birr per packet. At the consumer optimum, what must the marginal rate of substitution (MRS_X,Y) be?

A.0.2
B.5.0
C.16.0
D.80.0

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 0.2

Sababa

At the point of consumer optimum, MRS_X,Y = P_X / P_Y. Therefore, MRS_X,Y = 4 / 20 = 0.2.

Gaaffii 10

What happens to a consumer's budget line if the price of good X increases, while income and the price of good Y remain constant?

A.It shifts outward parallel to the original budget line
B.It shifts downward parallel to the original budget line
C.It pivots inward on the X-axis while the Y-intercept remains constant
D.It pivots outward on the Y-axis while the X-intercept remains constant

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C It pivots inward on the X-axis while the Y-intercept remains constant

Sababa

Since the price of good Y and money income do not change, the Y-intercept (M / P_Y) stays fixed. An increase in the price of X reduces the maximum X that can be bought (M / P_X), pivoting the budget line inward along the X-axis.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.