Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 2 Diinagdee kutaa 11: Caasaa Gabaa fi Murtee Dhaabbilee

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 2 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2: 35–69
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 maal haguuga

1.Review of Market Structures
2.Perfect Competition Market
3.Demand, Revenue and Cost Curves
4.The Short-Run Equilibrium of Firm
5.Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm
6.Long run-equilibrium of Firm
7.Pure Monopoly Market
8.Demand, Revenue and Cost under Monopoly
9.Short-run equilibrium under Monopoly
10.Price Discrimination under Monopoly
11.Monopolistic Competition Market
12.Product Differentiations and the Demand Curve
13.Costs under Monopolistic Competition
14.Short- run Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition
15.The Concept of Industry and Product Group
16.Oligopoly Market
17.Collusive Oligopoly
18.Non-collusive Oligopoly

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 2

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Sadarkaawwan Gargar Baasuu GatiiGabatee wabiiFirst degree · Second degree · Third degree

Sadarkaa	Tooftaa Murtee Gatii	Fakkeenya
First degree	Consumer tokkoon tokkoof reservation price isa olaanaa kaffalchiisa	Ogeessi fayyaa qabeenya dhukkubsataa irratti hundaa'ee kaffalchiisuu
Second degree	Gatiin akkaataa quantity bitamee yookiin sadarkaa quality tiin garaagarummaa qabaata	Hir'ifama gatii bulk purchase, sadarkaalee teessoo airline
Third degree	Elasticity garee consumer irratti hundaa'uun market segmentation gaggeessuu	Barattootaafi maanguddootaaf hir'ifama gatii taasifamu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Monopoly keessatti gurguraan akkamitti gatii adda addaa baasee bu'aa dabalataa akka argatu adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Sadarkaa tokkoffaa keessatti gurguraan consumer surplus hundumaa waan fudhatuuf deadweight loss hin jiru.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 35-69 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Seera Bu'aa GuddisuuFoormulaa

MR = MC

MR = MC

$MR$: Galii daangaa $\text{ETB}$
$MC$: Baasii daangaa $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dhaabbanni kamiyyuu sadarkaa oomishaa bu'aa guddaa itti argatu murteessuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

MR = MC ta'uun qofti gahaa miti. Sararri MC sarara MR jalaan kutee ol darbuu qaba.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 35-69 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Murtee Oomishaa fi Cufiinsaa Yeroo GabaabaaGabatee wabiiP > ATC · P = ATC · AVC P < ATC · +1

Haala Gatii	Bu'aa Diinagdee	Murtee Yeroo Gabaabaa
$P > ATC$	Bu'aa olaanaa (Supernormal profit)	Oomisha itti fufuu
$P = ATC$	Bu'aa zeeroo (Break-even)	Oomisha itti fufuu
$AVC \le P < ATC$	Kisaaraa diinagdee (Economic loss)	fixed cost uwwisuuf oomisha itti fufuu
$P < AVC$	Kisaaraa hamaa fixed cost ol ta'e	Battalumatti cufuu (Shut down)

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dhaabbanni dorgommii keessa jiru kisaaraan oomishuu itti fufuu moo oomisha dhaabuu akka qabu murteessuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Qabxiin cufiinsaa kan murtaa'u AVC isa gadi aanaaniin malee ATC dhaan miti. Gatiin AVC irra yoo caale oomishuun kisaaraa hir'isa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 35-69 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Dogoggora Yeroo Gabaabaatti Kisaaraaf Hojii DhaabuuDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dhaabbanni kisaaraa keessa jiru yeroo gabaabaa keessatti hojii dhaabuu akka qabu yeroo madaaltan itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Gatiin average total cost gadi yoo ta'e dhaabbanni yeruma sana hojii dhaaba jettee hin yaadin. Gatiin average variable cost yoo haguuge ( $P \ge AVC$ ), baasii dhaabbataa kaffaluuf oomishni itti fufa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 35-69 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Tarree Caasaalee GabaaGabatee wabiiPerfect competition · Monopolistic competition · Oligopoly · +1

Caasaa Gabaa	Baayyina Gurgurtootaa	Gosa Oomishaa	To'annoo Gatii
Perfect competition	Baay'ee hedduu	Homogeneous	Price taker ( $P = MR$ )
Monopolistic competition	Hedduu	Differentiated	Murtee hamma tokkoo
Oligopoly	Gurgurtoota olaantummaa qaban muraasa	Homogeneous yookiin differentiated	Walirratti kan hundaa'an (Interdependent)
Pure monopoly	Gurguraa tokkicha	Bakka bu'aa dhihoo kan hin qabne adda (Unique)	Price setter

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Indastiriiwwan caasaa gabaa isaaniitiin gargar baasuu fi dorgommii gabaa afran walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Monopolistic competition fi monopoly walitti hin makiinaa. Monopolistic competition keessa gurgurtoota baayyeetu jira.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 35-69 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

What is the correct sequence of market structures from the most competitive to the least competitive?

A.Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, pure monopoly
B.Pure monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, perfect competition
C.Perfect competition, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, pure monopoly
D.Monopolistic competition, perfect competition, pure monopoly, oligopoly

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, pure monopoly

Sababa

The textbook states that the correct sequence from most to least competitive is perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

Gaaffii 2

Why does an individual firm in a perfectly competitive market face a horizontal demand curve?

A.The firm is a price setter that can choose any price it wants.
B.The firm is a price taker and can sell any quantity at the market price.
C.The firm sells differentiated products that have no close substitutes.
D.The firm colludes with other producers to fix the market price.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The firm is a price taker and can sell any quantity at the market price.

Sababa

In a perfectly competitive market, individual firms are price takers. They face a horizontal (perfectly elastic) demand curve where price equals average revenue and marginal revenue (P = AR = MR).

Gaaffii 3

In a pure monopoly market, what is the relationship between the demand curve and the marginal revenue (MR) curve?

A.The MR curve is horizontal and lies above the demand curve.
B.The MR curve is identical to the demand curve at all output levels.
C.The MR curve is downward-sloping and lies beneath the market demand curve.
D.The MR curve is upward-sloping while the demand curve is downward-sloping.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The MR curve is downward-sloping and lies beneath the market demand curve.

Sababa

A monopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve, and its marginal revenue curve always lies beneath the market demand curve, decreasing twice as fast as demand.

Gaaffii 4

A cinema in Addis Ababa charges a lower entrance fee to students than to other adults. What degree of price discrimination does this represent?

A.First-degree price discrimination
B.Second-degree price discrimination
C.Third-degree price discrimination
D.Zero-degree price discrimination

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Third-degree price discrimination

Sababa

Third-degree price discrimination (market segmentation) involves charging different prices to different consumer groups, such as discounts for students or senior citizens.

Gaaffii 5

In the short run, at what price level must a perfectly competitive firm decide to shut down immediately?

A.When the price is below the minimum average total cost (ATC)
B.When the price is below the average variable cost (AVC)
C.When the price is equal to the marginal cost (MC)
D.When total revenue is equal to total fixed cost

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B When the price is below the average variable cost (AVC)

Sababa

If the market price falls below the shutdown point (the intersection of AVC and MC), the firm fails to cover even its variable costs and must shut down immediately to avoid larger losses.

Gaaffii 6

Which part of a firm's cost curves constitutes the short-run supply curve of a perfectly competitive firm?

A.The entire average total cost curve
B.The portion of the average fixed cost curve that slopes downward
C.The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve
D.The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies below the average total cost curve

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve

Sababa

The short-run supply curve of a perfectly competitive firm is that portion of the marginal cost curve which is above the average variable cost curve.

Gaaffii 7

What is the condition for a perfectly competitive firm to achieve long-run equilibrium?

A.LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns supernormal profit
B.LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns normal profit
C.P is greater than LAC at the profit-maximizing output
D.MR is greater than MC at the minimum point of SAC

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns normal profit

Sababa

In the long run, entry and exit of firms adjust the market so that LMC = LAC = P = MR. At this point, firms produce at the minimum point of the LAC curve and earn only normal profits (zero economic profits).

Gaaffii 8

What is a distinctive feature of first-degree price discrimination?

A.The seller charges different prices based on quantity purchased or bulk discounts.
B.The seller divides the market by geographic location or customer age groups.
C.The seller charges each consumer their exact reservation price, resulting in no deadweight loss.
D.The seller charges one single uniform price to all buyers in the market.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The seller charges each consumer their exact reservation price, resulting in no deadweight loss.

Sababa

First-degree (perfect) price discrimination occurs when the seller knows the maximum reservation price of every consumer and charges that price, turning all consumer surplus into revenue and leaving no deadweight loss.

Gaaffii 9

A perfectly competitive firm faces a market price of 100 Birr. Its total cost function is given by C = Q² + 20Q + 700, where marginal cost is MC = 2Q + 20. What is the profit-maximizing level of output?

A.20 units
B.40 units
C.60 units
D.80 units

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 40 units

Sababa

For a competitive firm, profit is maximized where P = MC. Setting 100 = 2Q + 20 gives 2Q = 80, which solves to Q = 40 units.

Gaaffii 10

Under the marginal revenue and marginal cost (MR-MC) approach, what is the second-order (sufficient) condition for profit maximization?

A.Marginal revenue must be equal to average revenue.
B.The marginal cost curve must cut the marginal revenue curve from above.
C.The slope of the marginal cost curve must be greater than the slope of the marginal revenue curve.
D.Average total cost must be at its minimum point.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C The slope of the marginal cost curve must be greater than the slope of the marginal revenue curve.

Sababa

The first condition is MR = MC. The second condition requires that MC cuts MR from below, which means the slope of the marginal cost curve must be steeper (greater) than the slope of the marginal revenue curve at the point of equality.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.