የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 2፦ የገበያ መዋቅር እና የድርጅቶች ውሳኔ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 2 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

ከ Google Play ያውርዱ
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ካርዶች
10
የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
35–69
የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 2 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Review of Market Structures
  2. 2.Perfect Competition Market
  3. 3.Demand, Revenue and Cost Curves
  4. 4.The Short-Run Equilibrium of Firm
  5. 5.Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm
  6. 6.Long run-equilibrium of Firm
  7. 7.Pure Monopoly Market
  8. 8.Demand, Revenue and Cost under Monopoly
  9. 9.Short-run equilibrium under Monopoly
  10. 10.Price Discrimination under Monopoly
  11. 11.Monopolistic Competition Market
  12. 12.Product Differentiations and the Demand Curve
  13. 13.Costs under Monopolistic Competition
  14. 14.Short- run Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition
  15. 15.The Concept of Industry and Product Group
  16. 16.Oligopoly Market
  17. 17.Collusive Oligopoly
  18. 18.Non-collusive Oligopoly

የምዕራፍ 2 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

ደረጃየዋጋ አወሳሰን ስልትምሳሌ
First degreeለእያንዳንዱ consumer ከፍተኛውን reservation price ማስከፈልዶክተር በታካሚው ሀብት መጠን ክፍያ ሲያስከፍል
Second degreeዋጋዎች በተገዛው quantity ወይም የquality ደረጃ ይለያያሉየBulk purchase ቅናሾች፣ የairline መቀመጫ ክፍሎች
Third degreeበconsumer group elasticity መሠረት የሚደረግ የmarket segmentationለተማሪዎች እና ለአረጋውያን የሚደረጉ ቅናሾች

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

Monopoly ገበያ ውስጥ ሻጩ ከተጠቃሚዎች ተጨማሪ ገቢ ለማግኘት የሚጠቀምባቸውን ሶስት የዋጋ ልዩነት አይነቶች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ የዋጋ ልዩነት (First degree) ውስጥ ሻጩ ሁሉንም የሸማች ትርፍ (consumer surplus) ስለሚወስድ deadweight loss አይኖርም።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 35-69 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

MR=MCMR = MC
MRMR
ወሰናዊ ገቢETB\text{ETB}
MCMC
ወሰናዊ ወጪETB\text{ETB}

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በማንኛውም የገበያ መዋቅር ውስጥ ያለ ድርጅት ትርፉን የሚያበዛበትን የምርት መጠን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

MR = MC መሆኑ ብቻውን በቂ አይደለም። የ MC መስመር የ MR መስመርን ከታች ወደ ላይ መቁረጥ አለበት።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 35-69 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የዋጋ ሁኔታየኢኮኖሚ ውጤትየአጭር ጊዜ ውሳኔ
P>ATCP > ATCከመደበኛ በላይ ትርፍ (Supernormal profit)ምርትን መቀጠል
P=ATCP = ATCዜሮ ትርፍ (Break-even)ምርትን መቀጠል
AVC≤P<ATCAVC \le P < ATCየኢኮኖሚ ኪሳራ (Economic loss)fixed cost ለመሸፈን ምርትን መቀጠል
P<AVCP < AVCከ fixed cost በላይ የሆነ ከፍተኛ ኪሳራወዲያውኑ ስራ ማቆም (Shut down)

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድ ድርጅት በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ በኪሳራም ቢሆን ምርቱን መቀጠል እንዳለበት ወይም ሙሉ በሙሉ ማቆም እንዳለበት ለመወሰን ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ድርጅቱ ስራ የሚያቆመው ዋጋው ከዝቅተኛው AVC ሲያንስ እንጂ ከ ATC ሲያንስ አይደለም። ዋጋው ከ AVC በላይ ከሆነ ማምረት ኪሳራን ይቀንሳል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 35-69 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድ ድርጅት ኪሳራ ሲያጋጥመው በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ ምርት ማቆም እንዳለበት ወይም እንደሌለበት ለመገምገም ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ዋጋ ከ average total cost በታች ስለሆነ ብቻ ድርጅቱ ወዲያውኑ ስራ ያቆማል ብለው አያስቡ። ዋጋው ከ average variable cost በላይ (P≥AVCP \ge AVC) ከሆነ ቋሚ ወጪን (fixed cost) ለመሸፈን ምርቱ ይቀጥላል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 35-69 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የገበያ መዋቅርየሻጮች ብዛትየምርት አይነትየዋጋ ቁጥጥር
Perfect competitionበጣም ብዙHomogeneousPrice taker (P=MRP = MR)
Monopolistic competitionብዙDifferentiatedየተወሰነ የመወሰን ነፃነት ያለው
Oligopolyጥቂት የበላይ ሻጮችHomogeneous ወይም differentiatedእርስ በእርስ የሚደጋገፉ (Interdependent)
Pure monopolyአንድ ሻጭየቅርብ ተተኪ የሌለው ልዩ (Unique)Price setter

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ኢንዱስትሪዎችን በገበያ ውድድር ደረጃቸው ለመለየት እና አራቱን የገበያ አይነቶች ለማነጻጸር ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Monopolistic competition ከ Monopoly ጋር እንዳይደባለቅ ይጠንቀቁ። Monopolistic competition ውስጥ ብዙ ሻጮች ከተለያዩ ምርቶች ጋር ይገኛሉ።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 35-69 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

What is the correct sequence of market structures from the most competitive to the least competitive?

  1. A.Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, pure monopoly
  2. B.Pure monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, perfect competition
  3. C.Perfect competition, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, pure monopoly
  4. D.Monopolistic competition, perfect competition, pure monopoly, oligopoly
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, pure monopoly

ምክንያቱ

The textbook states that the correct sequence from most to least competitive is perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

ጥያቄ 2

Why does an individual firm in a perfectly competitive market face a horizontal demand curve?

  1. A.The firm is a price setter that can choose any price it wants.
  2. B.The firm is a price taker and can sell any quantity at the market price.
  3. C.The firm sells differentiated products that have no close substitutes.
  4. D.The firm colludes with other producers to fix the market price.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B The firm is a price taker and can sell any quantity at the market price.

ምክንያቱ

In a perfectly competitive market, individual firms are price takers. They face a horizontal (perfectly elastic) demand curve where price equals average revenue and marginal revenue (P = AR = MR).

ጥያቄ 3

In a pure monopoly market, what is the relationship between the demand curve and the marginal revenue (MR) curve?

  1. A.The MR curve is horizontal and lies above the demand curve.
  2. B.The MR curve is identical to the demand curve at all output levels.
  3. C.The MR curve is downward-sloping and lies beneath the market demand curve.
  4. D.The MR curve is upward-sloping while the demand curve is downward-sloping.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C The MR curve is downward-sloping and lies beneath the market demand curve.

ምክንያቱ

A monopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve, and its marginal revenue curve always lies beneath the market demand curve, decreasing twice as fast as demand.

ጥያቄ 4

A cinema in Addis Ababa charges a lower entrance fee to students than to other adults. What degree of price discrimination does this represent?

  1. A.First-degree price discrimination
  2. B.Second-degree price discrimination
  3. C.Third-degree price discrimination
  4. D.Zero-degree price discrimination
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Third-degree price discrimination

ምክንያቱ

Third-degree price discrimination (market segmentation) involves charging different prices to different consumer groups, such as discounts for students or senior citizens.

ጥያቄ 5

In the short run, at what price level must a perfectly competitive firm decide to shut down immediately?

  1. A.When the price is below the minimum average total cost (ATC)
  2. B.When the price is below the average variable cost (AVC)
  3. C.When the price is equal to the marginal cost (MC)
  4. D.When total revenue is equal to total fixed cost
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B When the price is below the average variable cost (AVC)

ምክንያቱ

If the market price falls below the shutdown point (the intersection of AVC and MC), the firm fails to cover even its variable costs and must shut down immediately to avoid larger losses.

ጥያቄ 6

Which part of a firm's cost curves constitutes the short-run supply curve of a perfectly competitive firm?

  1. A.The entire average total cost curve
  2. B.The portion of the average fixed cost curve that slopes downward
  3. C.The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve
  4. D.The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies below the average total cost curve
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C The portion of the marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve

ምክንያቱ

The short-run supply curve of a perfectly competitive firm is that portion of the marginal cost curve which is above the average variable cost curve.

ጥያቄ 7

What is the condition for a perfectly competitive firm to achieve long-run equilibrium?

  1. A.LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns supernormal profit
  2. B.LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns normal profit
  3. C.P is greater than LAC at the profit-maximizing output
  4. D.MR is greater than MC at the minimum point of SAC
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B LMC = LAC = P and the firm earns normal profit

ምክንያቱ

In the long run, entry and exit of firms adjust the market so that LMC = LAC = P = MR. At this point, firms produce at the minimum point of the LAC curve and earn only normal profits (zero economic profits).

ጥያቄ 8

What is a distinctive feature of first-degree price discrimination?

  1. A.The seller charges different prices based on quantity purchased or bulk discounts.
  2. B.The seller divides the market by geographic location or customer age groups.
  3. C.The seller charges each consumer their exact reservation price, resulting in no deadweight loss.
  4. D.The seller charges one single uniform price to all buyers in the market.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C The seller charges each consumer their exact reservation price, resulting in no deadweight loss.

ምክንያቱ

First-degree (perfect) price discrimination occurs when the seller knows the maximum reservation price of every consumer and charges that price, turning all consumer surplus into revenue and leaving no deadweight loss.

ጥያቄ 9

A perfectly competitive firm faces a market price of 100 Birr. Its total cost function is given by C = Q2 + 20Q + 700, where marginal cost is MC = 2Q + 20. What is the profit-maximizing level of output?

  1. A.20 units
  2. B.40 units
  3. C.60 units
  4. D.80 units
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 40 units

ምክንያቱ

For a competitive firm, profit is maximized where P = MC. Setting 100 = 2Q + 20 gives 2Q = 80, which solves to Q = 40 units.

ጥያቄ 10

Under the marginal revenue and marginal cost (MR-MC) approach, what is the second-order (sufficient) condition for profit maximization?

  1. A.Marginal revenue must be equal to average revenue.
  2. B.The marginal cost curve must cut the marginal revenue curve from above.
  3. C.The slope of the marginal cost curve must be greater than the slope of the marginal revenue curve.
  4. D.Average total cost must be at its minimum point.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C The slope of the marginal cost curve must be greater than the slope of the marginal revenue curve.

ምክንያቱ

The first condition is MR = MC. The second condition requires that MC cuts MR from below, which means the slope of the marginal cost curve must be steeper (greater) than the slope of the marginal revenue curve at the point of equality.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 2 የትምህርት ቪዲዮ

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ ከ YouTube የተገኘ ትምህርት። ፕሌይ ሲጫኑ ብቻ ይጫናል።

Economic profit vs accounting profit · በ YouTube ላይ ይመልከቱ

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ ተጨማሪ ትምህርቶች

የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 2 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 35 እስከ ገጽ 69 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 202 ገጾች

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