የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 4፦ ፍጆታ፣ ቁጠባ እና ኢንቨስትመንት

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

5
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 91–114
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

1.Consumption
2.Average Propensity to Consume (APC)
3.Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
4.Determinants of Consumption Expenditure
5.Saving
6.Average Propensity to Save (APS)
7.Marginal Propensity to Save
8.Determinants of Saving
9.The Relationship between Saving and Consumption
10.Investment
11.Investment Types
12.Determinants of Investment
13.Role of Investment in Economic Growth

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የፍጆታ ፈንክሽንቀመር

C = C_0 + c Y_d

C = C_0 + c Y_d

$C$: አጠቃላይ Consumption ወጪ $\text{ETB}$
$C_0$: ራሱን የቻለ Consumption $\text{ETB}$
$c$: ወሰናዊ የፍጆታ ዝንባሌ $1$
$Y_d$: የሚጣል ገቢ $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ከሚጣል ገቢ እና ራሱን ከቻለ ፍጆታ ተነስተው አጠቃላይ የፍጆታ ወጪን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበታል።

ይጠንቀቁ

የሚጣል ገቢ ዜሮ በሚሆንበት ጊዜም እንኳ ራሱን የቻለ ፍጆታ ሁልጊዜ ከዜሮ ይበልጣል፤ ዜሮ አይሆንም።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 91-114 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የተጣራ ኢንቨስትመንትቀመር

\text{Net Investment} = \text{Gross Investment} - \text{Depreciation}

\text{Net Investment} = \text{Gross Investment} - \text{Depreciation}

$\text{Net Investment}$: የተጣራ ኢንቨስትመንት $\text{ETB}$
$\text{Gross Investment}$: ጠቅላላ ኢንቨስትመንት $\text{ETB}$
$\text{Depreciation}$: የካፒታል እርጅና ወጪ $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በአንድ ኢኮኖሚ ውስጥ በአጠቃላይ የማምረት አቅም ላይ የተጨመረውን ትክክለኛ የካፒታል መጠን ለማወቅ ይጠቀሙበታል።

ይጠንቀቁ

ያረጁ ካፒታሎችን ለመተካት የሚደረግ ወጪ Depreciation ስለሚሸፍን አጠቃላይ የማምረት አቅምን አይጨምርም።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 91-114 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የፍጆታ እና የቁጠባ ዝንባሌዎችየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥAverage · Marginal

መለኪያ	Consumption	Saving	የድምር ግንኙነት
Average	$\text{APC} = \frac{C}{Y_d}$	$\text{APS} = \frac{S}{Y_d}$	$\text{APC} + \text{APS} = 1$
Marginal	$\text{MPC} = \frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y_d}$	$\text{MPS} = \frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y_d}$	$\text{MPC} + \text{MPS} = 1$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አጠቃላይ ወይም ተለዋዋጭ ገቢን ከፍጆታና ቁጠባ ድርሻ ጋር ለማዛመድ በእነዚህ ቀመሮች ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

APC እና APS ተደምረው 1 ይሰጣሉ፤ እንዲሁም MPC እና MPS ተደምረው 1 ይሰጣሉ። አማካይ እና የኅዳግ ዋጋዎችን አንድ ላይ አይደምሩ።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 91-114 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ትክክለኛ የወለድ መጠንቀመር

r = i - \pi

r = i - \pi

$r$: ትክክለኛ የወለድ ምጣኔ $\%$
$i$: ስመ-ወሰን የወለድ ምጣኔ $\%$
$\pi$: የዋጋ ግሽበት መጠን $\%$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የዋጋ ግሽበትን ያካተተ ትክክለኛ የብድር ወጪን ወይም የቁጠባ ትርፍን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበታል።

ይጠንቀቁ

Nominal interest rate የዋጋ ግሽበትን የማያካትት ሲሆን፣ Real interest rate ግን የዋጋ ግሽበት ተቀንሶበት ይሰላል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 91-114 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የቁጠባ ፈንክሽንቀመር

S = -C_0 + (1 - c)Y_d

S = -C_0 + (1 - c)Y_d

$S$: ቁጠባ $\text{ETB}$
$-C_0$: በዜሮ ገቢ ወቅት የሚከሰት የቁጠባ እጥረት $\text{ETB}$
$1 - c$: ወሰናዊ የቁጠባ ዝንባሌ $1$
$Y_d$: የሚጣል ገቢ $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በማንኛውም የሚጣል ገቢ መጠን ውስጥ ያለውን አጠቃላይ የቁጠባ መጠን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበታል።

ይጠንቀቁ

የቁጠባ መስመሩ መነሻ አሉታዊ ሲሆን፣ ይህም ገቢ በሌለበት ወቅት ያለፈ ቁጠባን መጠቀምን ያሳያል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 91-114 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

If a worker in Addis Ababa earns a gross income of 12,000 birr and pays 2,000 birr in personal income taxes, what is their disposable income (Y_d)?

A.10,000 birr
B.14,000 birr
C.6,000 birr
D.24,000 birr

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 10,000 birr

ምክንያቱ

Disposable income is calculated as gross income minus personal taxes: Y_d = Y - T = 12,000 birr - 2,000 birr = 10,000 birr.

ጥያቄ 2

What term describes the minimum consumption spending that a household needs to survive even when disposable income is zero?

A.Autonomous consumption
B.Induced consumption
C.Public investment
D.Marginal saving

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Autonomous consumption

ምክንያቱ

Autonomous consumption (C₀) is independent of disposable income. It is the positive amount of spending required to survive when income is zero, financed through borrowing or past savings.

ጥያቄ 3

In macroeconomic theory, what is the sum of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and the marginal propensity to save (MPS)?

A.1
B.0
C.100
D.0.5

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 1

ምክንያቱ

Since any additional disposable income is either spent or saved, the change in consumption plus the change in saving equals the change in income, meaning MPC + MPS = 1.

ጥያቄ 4

A bank in Hawassa offers a nominal interest rate of 14 percent per year. If the inflation rate is 6 percent, what is the real interest rate?

A.8 percent
B.20 percent
C.2.33 percent
D.84 percent

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 8 percent

ምክንያቱ

The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate: 14% - 6% = 8%.

ጥያቄ 5

A household in Gondar earns a disposable income of 5,000 birr and spends 3,500 birr on consumption. What is the average propensity to consume (APC)?

A.0.70
B.0.30
C.1.43
D.0.50

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 0.70

ምክንያቱ

Average propensity to consume is total consumption divided by disposable income: APC = C / Y_d = 3,500 / 5,000 = 0.70 (or 70%).

ጥያቄ 6

A consumer's disposable income increases from 4,000 birr to 6,000 birr, and their consumption increases from 3,200 birr to 4,600 birr. What is their marginal propensity to consume (MPC)?

A.0.70
B.0.30
C.0.77
D.1.40

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 0.70

ምክንያቱ

MPC is the change in consumption divided by the change in disposable income: (4,600 - 3,200) / (6,000 - 4,000) = 1,400 / 2,000 = 0.70.

ጥያቄ 7

According to the textbook, how do economists distinguish between saving and savings?

A.Saving is a flow concept, while savings is a stock concept.
B.Saving is a stock concept, while savings is a flow concept.
C.Saving refers to taxes, while savings refers to bank deposits.
D.Saving is done by the government, while savings is done by consumers.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Saving is a flow concept, while savings is a stock concept.

ምክንያቱ

Saving refers to the ongoing act of depositing or setting aside money (a flow concept), while savings refers to the accumulated money already saved (a stock concept).

ጥያቄ 8

A manufacturing company in Bahir Dar makes a gross capital investment of 850,000 birr. If the capital depreciation during the year is 150,000 birr, what is the net investment?

A.700,000 birr
B.1,000,000 birr
C.150,000 birr
D.550,000 birr

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A 700,000 birr

ምክንያቱ

Net investment = Gross investment - Depreciation = 850,000 birr - 150,000 birr = 700,000 birr.

ጥያቄ 9

Assume a family's consumption function is given by C = 120 + 0.8Y_d. If the family's disposable income is 1,500 birr, what are the induced consumption and the total consumption?