Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Diinagdee kutaa 11: Fayyadama, Qusannaa fi Invastimantii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4: 91–114
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

1.Consumption
2.Average Propensity to Consume (APC)
3.Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
4.Determinants of Consumption Expenditure
5.Saving
6.Average Propensity to Save (APS)
7.Marginal Propensity to Save
8.Determinants of Saving
9.The Relationship between Saving and Consumption
10.Investment
11.Investment Types
12.Determinants of Investment
13.Role of Investment in Economic Growth

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Hojii GubaaFoormulaa

C = C_0 + c Y_d

C = C_0 + c Y_d

$C$: Baasii Consumption waliigalaa $\text{ETB}$
$C_0$: Consumption of danda'aa $\text{ETB}$
$c$: Fedhii daangaa fayyadamuu $1$
$Y_d$: Galii Disposable $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Galii disposable fi gubaa of danda'aa irraa baasii gubaa waliigalaa herreeguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Galiin disposable zeeroo yoo ta'ellee gubaan of danda'aan yeroo hunda zeeroo ol ta'a.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 91-114 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Net InvestmentFoormulaa

\text{Net Investment} = \text{Gross Investment} - \text{Depreciation}

\text{Net Investment} = \text{Gross Investment} - \text{Depreciation}

$\text{Net Investment}$: Invastimantii qulqulluu $\text{ETB}$
$\text{Gross Investment}$: Invastimantii waliigalaa $\text{ETB}$
$\text{Depreciation}$: Depreciation Kaappitaalaa $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dabalata qabatamaa kaappitaala oomishaa diinagdee tokkoo shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Meeshaa moofaa bakka buusuun Depreciation waan ta'eef dandeettii oomishaa haaraa hin dabalu.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 91-114 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Propensities Gubaa fi QusannaaGabatee wabiiAverage · Marginal

Safartuu	Consumption	Saving	Walitti dhufeenya
Average	$\text{APC} = \frac{C}{Y_d}$	$\text{APS} = \frac{S}{Y_d}$	$\text{APC} + \text{APS} = 1$
Marginal	$\text{MPC} = \frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Y_d}$	$\text{MPS} = \frac{\Delta S}{\Delta Y_d}$	$\text{MPC} + \text{MPS} = 1$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Qooda gubaa fi qusannaa galii waliigalaa ykn jijjiirama galii waliin walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

APC fi APS ida'amanii 1 ta'u, MPC fi MPS ida'amaniis 1 ta'u. Safartuu giddu galeessaa fi kan dabalataa walitti hin makin.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 91-114 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Reetii Dhala DhugaaFoormulaa

r = i - \pi

r = i - \pi

$r$: Reetii dhala dhugaa $\%$
$i$: Reetii dhala noominaalaa $\%$
$\pi$: Reetii Infileeshinii $\%$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Baasii liqii dhugaa ykn bu'aa qusannaa kan inflaashiniin sirreeffame shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Nominal interest rate kan jijjiirama gatii hin ilaallanne yoo ta'u, Real interest rate garuu infileeshinii irraa hir'isa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 91-114 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Hojii QusannaaFoormulaa

S = -C_0 + (1 - c)Y_d

S = -C_0 + (1 - c)Y_d

$S$: Qusannoo $\text{ETB}$
$-C_0$: Qusannaa dhabuu yeroo galii zeeroo $\text{ETB}$
$1 - c$: Fedhii daangaa qusachuu $1$
$Y_d$: Galii Disposable $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sadarkaa galii disposable kamiyyuu irratti qusannaa maatii waliigalaa shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Tuqaan ka'umsaa negaatiivii dha, kunis yeroo galiin zeeroo ta'u qusannaa durii fayyadamuu agarsiisa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 91-114 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

If a worker in Addis Ababa earns a gross income of 12,000 birr and pays 2,000 birr in personal income taxes, what is their disposable income (Y_d)?

A.10,000 birr
B.14,000 birr
C.6,000 birr
D.24,000 birr

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 10,000 birr

Sababa

Disposable income is calculated as gross income minus personal taxes: Y_d = Y - T = 12,000 birr - 2,000 birr = 10,000 birr.

Gaaffii 2

What term describes the minimum consumption spending that a household needs to survive even when disposable income is zero?

A.Autonomous consumption
B.Induced consumption
C.Public investment
D.Marginal saving

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Autonomous consumption

Sababa

Autonomous consumption (C₀) is independent of disposable income. It is the positive amount of spending required to survive when income is zero, financed through borrowing or past savings.

Gaaffii 3

In macroeconomic theory, what is the sum of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and the marginal propensity to save (MPS)?

A.1
B.0
C.100
D.0.5

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 1

Sababa

Since any additional disposable income is either spent or saved, the change in consumption plus the change in saving equals the change in income, meaning MPC + MPS = 1.

Gaaffii 4

A bank in Hawassa offers a nominal interest rate of 14 percent per year. If the inflation rate is 6 percent, what is the real interest rate?

A.8 percent
B.20 percent
C.2.33 percent
D.84 percent

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 8 percent

Sababa

The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate: 14% - 6% = 8%.

Gaaffii 5

A household in Gondar earns a disposable income of 5,000 birr and spends 3,500 birr on consumption. What is the average propensity to consume (APC)?

A.0.70
B.0.30
C.1.43
D.0.50

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 0.70

Sababa

Average propensity to consume is total consumption divided by disposable income: APC = C / Y_d = 3,500 / 5,000 = 0.70 (or 70%).

Gaaffii 6

A consumer's disposable income increases from 4,000 birr to 6,000 birr, and their consumption increases from 3,200 birr to 4,600 birr. What is their marginal propensity to consume (MPC)?

A.0.70
B.0.30
C.0.77
D.1.40

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 0.70

Sababa

MPC is the change in consumption divided by the change in disposable income: (4,600 - 3,200) / (6,000 - 4,000) = 1,400 / 2,000 = 0.70.

Gaaffii 7

According to the textbook, how do economists distinguish between saving and savings?

A.Saving is a flow concept, while savings is a stock concept.
B.Saving is a stock concept, while savings is a flow concept.
C.Saving refers to taxes, while savings refers to bank deposits.
D.Saving is done by the government, while savings is done by consumers.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Saving is a flow concept, while savings is a stock concept.

Sababa

Saving refers to the ongoing act of depositing or setting aside money (a flow concept), while savings refers to the accumulated money already saved (a stock concept).

Gaaffii 8

A manufacturing company in Bahir Dar makes a gross capital investment of 850,000 birr. If the capital depreciation during the year is 150,000 birr, what is the net investment?

A.700,000 birr
B.1,000,000 birr
C.150,000 birr
D.550,000 birr

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 700,000 birr

Sababa

Net investment = Gross investment - Depreciation = 850,000 birr - 150,000 birr = 700,000 birr.

Gaaffii 9

Assume a family's consumption function is given by C = 120 + 0.8Y_d. If the family's disposable income is 1,500 birr, what are the induced consumption and the total consumption?

A.Induced = 1,200 birr; Total = 1,320 birr
B.Induced = 120 birr; Total = 1,500 birr
C.Induced = 1,500 birr; Total = 1,620 birr
D.Induced = 300 birr; Total = 420 birr

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Induced = 1,200 birr; Total = 1,320 birr

Sababa

Induced consumption depends on income: 0.8 * 1,500 = 1,200 birr. Total consumption is autonomous plus induced: 120 + 1,200 = 1,320 birr.

Gaaffii 10

If the linear consumption function for an economy is given by C = 200 + 0.75Y_d, what is the equation for the saving function (S)?

A.S = -200 + 0.25Yd
B.S = 200 + 0.25Yd
C.S = -200 + 0.75Yd
D.S = 0.25 - 200Yd

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A S = -200 + 0.25Yd

Sababa

The saving function is S = -C₀ + (1 - c)Y_d. Since C₀ = 200 and c = 0.75, S = -200 + (1 - 0.75)Y_d = -200 + 0.25Y_d.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Viidiyoo barnootaa boqonnaa 4

Barnoota boqonnaa kanaa YouTube irraa. Yommuu play tuqxu qofa fe'ama.

Investment and real interest rates · YouTube irratti ilaali

Barnoota dabalataa boqonnaa kana irratti

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 91 hanga fuula 114 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 202

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Diinagdee kutaa 11 hunda

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