Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 5 Diinagdee kutaa 11: Daldala fi Faayinaansii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 5 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

4
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5: 115–145
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 5

Boqonnaan 5 maal haguuga

1.Overview of Domestic Trade
2.Basis of International Trade
3.Basic Theories of International Trade
4.The Mercantilists' View on Trade
5.The Classical Trade Theories
6.Balance of Payment Components
7.The Current Account (CA)
8.The Capital Account (KA)
9.Trade Policies and Strategies
10.Exchange Rate Determinations
11.Nominal and Real Exchange Rate
12.Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
13.Floating Exchange Rate Systems
14.Regional Integration and Globalization Practices in the Ethiopian Context
15.Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Integration
16.Globalization Practices in Ethiopian Context

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 5

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Balance of Payments EquationFoormulaa

\text{BoP} = \text{CA} + \text{KA}

\text{BoP} = \text{CA} + \text{KA}

$\text{BoP}$: Waliigala Balance of Payments $\text{ETB}$
$\text{CA}$: Madaallii Current Account $\text{ETB}$
$\text{KA}$: Madaallii Capital Account $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Ida'ama madaallii Current account fi Capital account irraa waliigala Balance of Payments shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Current Account (CA) madaallii daldalaa, tajaajila qulqulluu fi daddabarsa qulqulluu of keessaa qaba. Madaallii daldala meeshaa qofa bakka CA hin buusinaa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 115-145 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Classical Trade Theories ComparisonGabatee wabiiAbsolute Advantage · Comparative Advantage

Theory	Key Economist	Bu'uura Daldalaa
Absolute Advantage	Adam Smith	Good tokko oomishuu keessatti labor hours yookiin direct cost gadi aanaa
Comparative Advantage	David Ricardo	Good tokko oomishuu keessatti opportunity cost gadi aanaa

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yaadrimee Absolute advantage kan Adam Smith fi Comparative advantage kan David Ricardo gidduu jiru adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Biyyi tokko oomisha hunda irratti Absolute advantage yoo qabaatellee, Opportunity cost gadi aanaa irratti hundaa'uun Comparative advantage jalatti daldalli bu'aa qaba.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 115-145 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Devaluation versus DepreciationDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sirna Fixed fi Flexible exchange rate keessatti jechoota gatii sharafaa gadi bu'uu ibsan adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Devaluation fi Depreciation walitti hin makin. Devaluation sirna Fixed exchange rate keessatti murtoo mootummaatiin raawwatama, Depreciation garuu sirna Floating exchange rate keessatti humnoota gabaatiin uumama.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 115-145 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Real Exchange RateFoormulaa

\text{RER} = e \cdot \frac{P^*}{P}

\text{RER} = e \cdot \frac{P^*}{P}

$\text{RER}$: Reetii jijjiirraa dhugaa $dimensionless$
$e$: Nominal exchange rate gatii sharafa biyya keessaa sharafa alaa tokkoof $\text{ETB}\,\text{USD}^{-1}$
$P^*$: Sadarkaa gatii biyya alaa (Foreign Price) $\text{USD}$
$P$: Sadarkaa gatii biyya keessaa (Domestic Price) $\text{ETB}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Nominal exchange rate fi sadarkaa gatii fayyadamuun gatii wal-bira qabamee fi humna bittaa biyyoota lamaan gidduu shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Nominal exchange rate e gatii sharafa biyya keessaa kan sharafa alaa tokkoon ta'uu qaba. Faallaa kanaan yoo kenname dura garagalchaa.

Grade 11 Economics, fuula 115-145 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 5

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

Which international organization was established on 1 January 1995 to administer the rules of trade between nations?

A.World Bank
B.World Trade Organization (WTO)
C.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
D.International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B World Trade Organization (WTO)

Sababa

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created on 1 January 1995 to administer international trade and replace the GATT arrangement.

Gaaffii 2

According to the mercantilist philosophy of the 16th to 18th centuries, a country's wealth and power were measured by its holdings of:

A.Precious metals such as gold and silver
B.Trained human labor and technology
C.Productive agricultural land
D.Consumer goods and manufacturing factories

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Precious metals such as gold and silver

Sababa

Mercantilists believed that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating precious metals like gold and silver by maintaining a trade surplus.

Gaaffii 3

What term describes an economic situation where there is no international trade and a country is entirely self-sufficient?

A.Autarky
B.Barter
C.Laissez-faire
D.Free trade

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Autarky

Sababa

Autarky is defined as a situation where there is no international trade and a nation is assumed to be self-sufficient.

Gaaffii 4

In the balance of payments, unrequited receipts such as gifts, foreign aid donations, and remittances sent to families in Ethiopia are classified under:

A.Trade balance
B.Net services
C.Net transfers
D.Capital outflow

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Net transfers

Sababa

Net transfers include unilateral receipts such as gifts, donations, and remittances because residents receive them for free without paying anything in return.

Gaaffii 5

Within domestic trade, what is the main function of a retailer?

A.Selling goods in small quantities directly to final consumers
B.Supplying large bulk orders only to foreign markets
C.Controlling the national money supply and interest rates
D.Acting exclusively as an agent between factories and wholesalers

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Selling goods in small quantities directly to final consumers

Sababa

A retailer is the final seller in the distribution chain, buying goods from wholesalers and selling them in small quantities to consumers for direct consumption.

Gaaffii 6

When a government sets a physical limit on the maximum quantity of a specific good that can be imported, it is using a:

A.Customs tariff
B.Import duty
C.Import quota
D.Managed float

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Import quota

Sababa

An import quota is a quantitative restriction that fixes the maximum amount of a good permitted to enter a country.

Gaaffii 7

A trade strategy that aims to replace foreign imported products with domestic production while protecting infant industries is called:

A.Export promotion strategy
B.Import substitution strategy
C.Laissez-faire strategy
D.Free market integration

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Import substitution strategy

Sababa

Import substitution is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic products to develop local industries.

Gaaffii 8

Under a fixed exchange rate system, when the central bank deliberately increases the price of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency, this action is known as:

A.Revaluation
B.Appreciation
C.Devaluation
D.Depreciation

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Devaluation

Sababa

Under a fixed exchange rate system, an official increase in the domestic price of foreign currency is called devaluation, which makes exports cheaper and imports more expensive.

Gaaffii 9

According to David Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage, mutually beneficial international trade can take place as long as:

A.Both countries have equal absolute productivity in all goods
B.Differences exist in the opportunity costs of producing goods between nations
C.One country has an absolute advantage in all goods and the other has none
D.Governments impose equal tariffs on imported and exported items

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Differences exist in the opportunity costs of producing goods between nations

Sababa

David Ricardo showed that even if one country is more efficient in producing all goods, mutually beneficial trade is possible if countries specialize based on lower opportunity costs (relative costs).

Gaaffii 10

Suppose the nominal exchange rate is 45 ETB per 1 USD. A pair of shoes costs 900 ETB in Addis Ababa and 40 USD in the United States. What is the real exchange rate?

A.0.50
B.1.00
C.2.00
D.3.75

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 2.00

Sababa

The formula for the real exchange rate is: RER = e * (P* / P). Here, RER = 45 * (40 / 900) = 1800 / 900 = 2.00. This means 40 USD buys 2 times the equivalent goods in Ethiopia.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.