የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 5፦ ንግድ እና ፋይናንስ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 5 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

4
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 5 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 115–145
የምዕራፍ 5 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 5 የሚሸፍነው

1.Overview of Domestic Trade
2.Basis of International Trade
3.Basic Theories of International Trade
4.The Mercantilists' View on Trade
5.The Classical Trade Theories
6.Balance of Payment Components
7.The Current Account (CA)
8.The Capital Account (KA)
9.Trade Policies and Strategies
10.Exchange Rate Determinations
11.Nominal and Real Exchange Rate
12.Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
13.Floating Exchange Rate Systems
14.Regional Integration and Globalization Practices in the Ethiopian Context
15.Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Integration
16.Globalization Practices in Ethiopian Context

የምዕራፍ 5 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

Balance of Payments Equationቀመር

\text{BoP} = \text{CA} + \text{KA}

\text{BoP} = \text{CA} + \text{KA}

$\text{BoP}$: አጠቃላይ Balance of Payments $\text{ETB}$
$\text{CA}$: Current Account ሚዛን $\text{ETB}$
$\text{KA}$: Capital Account ሚዛን $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ከCurrent account እና Capital account ድምር አጠቃላይ የBalance of Payments ውጤትን ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Current Account (CA) የንግድ ሚዛንን፣ የተጣራ አገልግሎቶችን እና የተጣራ ዝውውሮችን ያካትታል። የሸቀጦች ንግድ ሚዛንን ብቻ ከCA ጋር አያምታቱ።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 115-145 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Classical Trade Theories Comparisonየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥAbsolute Advantage · Comparative Advantage

Theory	Key Economist	የንግድ መሠረት
Absolute Advantage	Adam Smith	አንድን good ለማምረት ዝቅተኛ የ labor hours ወይም direct cost
Comparative Advantage	David Ricardo	አንድን good ለማምረት ዝቅተኛ opportunity cost

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በአዳም ስሚዝ Absolute advantage እና በዴቪድ ሪካርዶ Comparative advantage ንድፈ ሀሳቦች መካከል ያለውን መሠረታዊ ልዩነት ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

አንዲት አገር በሁሉም ምርቶች ላይ Absolute advantage ቢኖራትም እንኳ ዝቅተኛ Opportunity cost እስካለ ድረስ በComparative advantage የጋራ ንግድ ጠቃሚ ነው።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 115-145 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Devaluation versus Depreciationየተለመደ ስህተት

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በFixed እና Flexible exchange rate ሥርዓቶች ውስጥ የገንዘብ ዋጋ ቅነሳ ቃላትን ላለማምታት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Devaluation እና Depreciation አንድ ዓይነት አይደሉም። Devaluation በFixed exchange rate ሥርዓት በመንግሥት ወይም በማዕከላዊ ባንክ ውሳኔ የሚደረግ ሲሆን፣ Depreciation ግን በFloating exchange rate ሥርዓት በገበያ ፍላጎትና አቅርቦት ይከሰታል።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 115-145 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

Real Exchange Rateቀመር

\text{RER} = e \cdot \frac{P^*}{P}

\text{RER} = e \cdot \frac{P^*}{P}

$\text{RER}$: ትክክለኛ የውጭ ምንዛሬ ምጣኔ $dimensionless$
$e$: የአገር ውስጥ ገንዘብ በውጭ ገንዘብ ሲገለጽ ያለው Nominal exchange rate $\text{ETB}\,\text{USD}^{-1}$
$P^*$: የውጭ አገር የዋጋ ደረጃ (Foreign Price) $\text{USD}$
$P$: የአገር ውስጥ የዋጋ ደረጃ (Domestic Price) $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የሁለት አገሮችን የሸቀጦች አንጻራዊ ዋጋ እና የመግዛት አቅም በNominal exchange rate እና በዋጋ ደረጃዎች መሠረት ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Nominal exchange rate e በአንድ የውጭ ገንዘብ የሚከፈል የአገር ውስጥ ገንዘብ መሆኑን ያረጋግጡ። በተቃራኒው ከተሰጠ መጀመሪያ ይገልብጡት።

ከGrade 11 Economics፣ ገጽ 115-145 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 5 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

Which international organization was established on 1 January 1995 to administer the rules of trade between nations?

A.World Bank
B.World Trade Organization (WTO)
C.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
D.International Monetary Fund (IMF)

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B World Trade Organization (WTO)

ምክንያቱ

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created on 1 January 1995 to administer international trade and replace the GATT arrangement.

ጥያቄ 2

According to the mercantilist philosophy of the 16th to 18th centuries, a country's wealth and power were measured by its holdings of:

A.Precious metals such as gold and silver
B.Trained human labor and technology
C.Productive agricultural land
D.Consumer goods and manufacturing factories

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Precious metals such as gold and silver

ምክንያቱ

Mercantilists believed that a nation's wealth depended on accumulating precious metals like gold and silver by maintaining a trade surplus.

ጥያቄ 3

What term describes an economic situation where there is no international trade and a country is entirely self-sufficient?

A.Autarky
B.Barter
C.Laissez-faire
D.Free trade

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Autarky

ምክንያቱ

Autarky is defined as a situation where there is no international trade and a nation is assumed to be self-sufficient.

ጥያቄ 4

In the balance of payments, unrequited receipts such as gifts, foreign aid donations, and remittances sent to families in Ethiopia are classified under:

A.Trade balance
B.Net services
C.Net transfers
D.Capital outflow

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Net transfers

ምክንያቱ

Net transfers include unilateral receipts such as gifts, donations, and remittances because residents receive them for free without paying anything in return.

ጥያቄ 5

Within domestic trade, what is the main function of a retailer?

A.Selling goods in small quantities directly to final consumers
B.Supplying large bulk orders only to foreign markets
C.Controlling the national money supply and interest rates
D.Acting exclusively as an agent between factories and wholesalers

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Selling goods in small quantities directly to final consumers

ምክንያቱ

A retailer is the final seller in the distribution chain, buying goods from wholesalers and selling them in small quantities to consumers for direct consumption.

ጥያቄ 6

When a government sets a physical limit on the maximum quantity of a specific good that can be imported, it is using a:

A.Customs tariff
B.Import duty
C.Import quota
D.Managed float

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Import quota

ምክንያቱ

An import quota is a quantitative restriction that fixes the maximum amount of a good permitted to enter a country.

ጥያቄ 7

A trade strategy that aims to replace foreign imported products with domestic production while protecting infant industries is called:

A.Export promotion strategy
B.Import substitution strategy
C.Laissez-faire strategy
D.Free market integration

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Import substitution strategy

ምክንያቱ

Import substitution is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic products to develop local industries.

ጥያቄ 8

Under a fixed exchange rate system, when the central bank deliberately increases the price of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency, this action is known as:

A.Revaluation
B.Appreciation
C.Devaluation
D.Depreciation

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Devaluation

ምክንያቱ

Under a fixed exchange rate system, an official increase in the domestic price of foreign currency is called devaluation, which makes exports cheaper and imports more expensive.

ጥያቄ 9

According to David Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage, mutually beneficial international trade can take place as long as:

A.Both countries have equal absolute productivity in all goods
B.Differences exist in the opportunity costs of producing goods between nations
C.One country has an absolute advantage in all goods and the other has none
D.Governments impose equal tariffs on imported and exported items

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Differences exist in the opportunity costs of producing goods between nations

ምክንያቱ

David Ricardo showed that even if one country is more efficient in producing all goods, mutually beneficial trade is possible if countries specialize based on lower opportunity costs (relative costs).

ጥያቄ 10

Suppose the nominal exchange rate is 45 ETB per 1 USD. A pair of shoes costs 900 ETB in Addis Ababa and 40 USD in the United States. What is the real exchange rate?

A.0.50
B.1.00
C.2.00
D.3.75

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C 2.00

ምክንያቱ

The formula for the real exchange rate is: RER = e * (P* / P). Here, RER = 45 * (40 / 900) = 1800 / 900 = 2.00. This means 40 USD buys 2 times the equivalent goods in Ethiopia.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።