የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ባዮሎጂ ምዕራፍ 2፦ ማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝሞች

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 2 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
40–113
የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ከዚህ ይጀምሩ

የ Temari ትምህርት ለምዕራፍ 2

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ Temari ያዘጋጀው አጭር የቪዲዮ ትምህርት። ፕሌይ ሲጫኑ ብቻ ይጫናል። ትምህርቱ በእንግሊዝኛ ነው።

Gram staining: why some bacteria turn purple · 4 ደቂቃ · የተሠሩ 2 ያለፉ የፈተና ጥያቄዎች

የትምህርቱ ክፍሎች

ትምህርቱን ከዚያ ጀምሮ ለማጫወት አንድ ክፍል ይንኩ።

ምዕራፍ 2 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Eubacteria
  2. 2.Archaea
  3. 3.Fungi
  4. 4.Protozoa
  5. 5.Viruses
  6. 6.Normal microbiota
  7. 7.Modes of disease transmission and ways of prevention
  8. 8.Uses of microorganisms
  9. 9.Controlling microorganisms
  10. 10.Renowned microbiologists in Ethiopia

የምዕራፍ 2 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የአመጋገብ አይነትየካርቦን ምንጭየኃይል ምንጭ
PhotolithoautotrophCO2ብርሃን
Photoorganoheterotrophኦርጋኒክ ካርቦንብርሃን
ChemolithoautotrophCO2ኢ-ኦርጋኒክ ኬሚካሎች
Chemolithoheterotrophኦርጋኒክ ካርቦንኢ-ኦርጋኒክ ኬሚካሎች
Chemoorganoheterotrophኦርጋኒክ ካርቦንኦርጋኒክ ኬሚካሎች

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድን ባክቴሪያ ካርቦንና ኃይል ከሚያገኝበት ምንጭ ተነስተው በአመጋገብ አይነቱ ለመመደብ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Auto ወይም hetero የካርቦን ምንጭን፣ litho ወይም organo የኤሌክትሮን ምንጭን፣ photo ወይም chemo ደግሞ የኃይል ምንጭን ያመለክታሉ። እስካሁን የተጠኑት አብዛኞቹ ባክቴሪያዎች photolithoautotroph ወይም chemoorganoheterotroph ናቸው፤ በሽታ አምጪዎቹ ከሞላ ጎደል ሁሉም chemoorganoheterotroph ናቸው።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 40-113 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መገለጫGram-positiveGram-negative
Peptidoglycan layerወፍራምቀጭን
Wall thickness20 እስከ 80 ናኖሜትር8 እስከ 11 ናኖሜትር
Outer membraneየለምአለ
Periplasmic spaceጠባብሰፊ
Porin proteinsየለምአለ
Teichoic acidአለየለም

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ጥያቄው ሁለቱን የባክቴሪያ የሴል ግድግዳ አይነቶች ሲያነፃፅር ወይም አንዱ ሐምራዊውን ቀለም ለምን እንደሚይዝ ሲጠይቅ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ወፍራም ማለት ብዙ ንብርብር ማለት አይደለም። የGram-positive ግድግዳ አንድ ወፍራም የፔፕቲዶግሊካን ንብርብር ነው፤ የGram-negative ግድግዳ ቀጭን የፔፕቲዶግሊካን ንብርብር እና ውጫዊ ሽፋን ነው። ክሪስታል ቫዮሌትን የሚይዘው ወፍራሙ ንብርብር ስለሆነ Gram-positive ሴሎች ሐምራዊ ሆነው ይቀራሉ፤ Gram-negative ሴሎች ደግሞ ቀዩን ተቃራኒ ቀለም ይይዛሉ።

ከGrade 12 Biology፣ ገጽ 40-113 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

The word micro in microorganism means:

  1. A.very small
  2. B.very large
  3. C.very old
  4. D.very fast
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A very small

ምክንያቱ

The chapter says microorganisms are too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye. Micro means very small, so you need a microscope to see them.

ጥያቄ 2

How do most bacteria reproduce?

  1. A.by sexual fusion of gametes
  2. B.by budding from a parent cell
  3. C.by asexual division (binary fission)
  4. D.by forming spores in sporangia
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C by asexual division (binary fission)

ምክንያቱ

Most bacteria reproduce by asexual division, called binary fission. The DNA copies itself, the two DNA molecules separate, and the cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

ጥያቄ 3

Which of these is not one of the three basic shapes of bacteria?

  1. A.cocci (spherical)
  2. B.bacilli (rod-shaped)
  3. C.spirochaetes (spiral or corkscrew)
  4. D.hyphae (filaments)
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D hyphae (filaments)

ምክንያቱ

The three main bacterial shapes are cocci, bacilli and spirochaetes. Hyphae are the thread-like filaments of fungi, not a bacterial shape.

ጥያቄ 4

After Gram staining, what colour do Gram-positive bacteria look under a light microscope?

  1. A.purple
  2. B.pink
  3. C.green
  4. D.colourless
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A purple

ምክንያቱ

Gram-positive bacteria keep the purple crystal violet stain. This happens because their thick peptidoglycan layer holds the stain.

ጥያቄ 5

What is the overall thickness of a Gram-positive cell wall, according to the comparison table?

  1. A.8-11 nm
  2. B.20-80 nm
  3. C.70-90 nm
  4. D.2-5 nm
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 20-80 nm

ምክንያቱ

Table 2.1 says Gram-positive cell walls are thicker, at 20-80 nm. The 8-11 nm range belongs to Gram-negative cell walls, which are thinner.

ጥያቄ 6

In the Gram staining process, which reagent is the mordant (the step that adds the iodine)?

  1. A.ethanol or acetone
  2. B.crystal violet
  3. C.Gram's iodine
  4. D.safranin
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Gram's iodine

ምክንያቱ

The chapter lists the steps in order: heat fix, primary stain (crystal violet), add a mordant (Gram's iodine), decolorize with ethanol or acetone, then counterstain with safranin. Gram's iodine is the mordant.

ጥያቄ 7

Which structure is found in Gram-negative bacteria but not in Gram-positive bacteria?

  1. A.an outer membrane
  2. B.a thick peptidoglycan layer
  3. C.teichoic acid
  4. D.lipoteichoic acid
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A an outer membrane

ምክንያቱ

Table 2.1 shows that Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane, and Gram-positive cell walls do not. Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids belong to Gram-positive walls, and a thick peptidoglycan layer is typical of Gram-positive walls.

ጥያቄ 8

Which statement about archaea is correct?

  1. A.They have a membrane-bound nucleus.
  2. B.Their cell membrane lipids have straight chains.
  3. C.They are multicellular organisms.
  4. D.They lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D They lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

ምክንያቱ

The chapter says archaea are prokaryotic, single-celled and have no membrane-bound nucleus. They lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls, and their membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains.

ጥያቄ 9

Which group of archaea generates methane?

  1. A.extreme halophiles
  2. B.methanogens
  3. C.hyperthermophiles
  4. D.psychrophiles
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B methanogens

ምክንያቱ

The chapter describes methanogens as the archaea that generate methane. They are strictly anaerobic and live in places such as waterlogged soils and lake sediments. Extreme halophiles, hyperthermophiles and psychrophiles are other groups, but they are not named for making methane.

ጥያቄ 10

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. Which statement about the two partners is correct?

  1. A.The fungus provides energy from light, and the alga provides minerals and protection.
  2. B.Both partners are fungi.
  3. C.The photosynthetic partner provides energy, and the fungus supplies minerals and protection.
  4. D.The fungus makes chlorophyll for the lichen.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C The photosynthetic partner provides energy, and the fungus supplies minerals and protection.

ምክንያቱ

The chapter says the photosynthetic organism (usually an alga or cyanobacterium) provides energy from light and carbohydrates. The fungus supplies minerals and protection. Fungi lack chlorophyll, so they cannot make it.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 2 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 40 እስከ ገጽ 113 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 358 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ12ኛ ክፍል ባዮሎጂ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

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