የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 4፦ የማክሮኢኮኖሚ ፖሊሲ መሣሪያዎች

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
72–102
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Definition and Types of Macroeconomic Policies
  2. 2.Fiscal Policy
  3. 3.Tools of Fiscal Policy
  4. 4.Types of Fiscal Policy
  5. 5.Monetary Policy
  6. 6.Tools of Monetary Policy
  7. 7.Types of Monetary Policies
  8. 8.Income Policy and Wage
  9. 9.Foreign Exchange Policies

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የምንዛሪ ተመን ስርዓትየገንዘብ ዋጋ መቀነስየገንዘብ ዋጋ መጨመርየሚወስነው አካል
Fixed Exchange RateDevaluationRevaluationየመንግስት ውሳኔ
Flexible Exchange RateDepreciationAppreciationየገበያ supply እና demand

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የውጭ ምንዛሪ ተመን ለውጦችን በስርዓት ዓይነት ለመመደብ እና የገበያ እንቅስቃሴዎችን ከመንግሥት ውሳኔዎች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ዲቫልዩኤሽን እና ሪቫልዩኤሽን በቋሚ የምንዛሪ ስርዓት በመንግሥት ውሳኔ የሚከናወኑ ሲሆኑ፤ ዲፕሪሲዬሽን እና አፕሪሲዬሽን ግን በተለዋዋጭ የምንዛሪ ስርዓት በገበያ ኃይሎች አማካኝነት ይከሰታሉ።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 72-102 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የፖሊሲ መሣሪያየማስፋፊያ እርምጃየማጥበቢያ እርምጃ
Fiscal: የመንግስት ወጪወጪን መጨመርወጪን መቀነስ
Fiscal: ታክስታክስን መቀነስታክስን መጨመር
Monetary: Discount RateDiscount rate መቀነስDiscount rate መጨመር
Monetary: Open Market Operationsየመንግስት securities መግዛትየመንግስት securities መሸጥ
Monetary: Required Reserve RatioReserve ratio መቀነስReserve ratio መጨመር

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የኢኮኖሚ ድቀትን ወይም የዋጋ ግሽበትን ለመቆጣጠር ጠቅላላ ፍላጎትን የሚያንቀሳቅሱትን የማክሮ ኢኮኖሚ ፖሊሲ እርምጃዎች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የማስፋፊያ ፖሊሲ በኢኮኖሚ ድቀት ወቅት ሥራ አጥነትን ለመቀነስ የሚያገለግል ሲሆን፤ የማጥበቢያ ፖሊሲ ደግሞ ኢኮኖሚው ከመጠን በላይ ሲሞቅ የዋጋ ግሽበትን ለመቆጣጠር ያገለግላል።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 72-102 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የዋጋ ጣሪያ ወይም ወለል በገበያ ላይ አለመመጣጠን መፍጠሩን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ከተመጣጣኝ ዋጋ በላይ የተቀመጠ የዋጋ ጣሪያ ወይም ከተመጣጣኝ ዋጋ በታች የተቀመጠ የዋጋ ወለል ምንም ዓይነት አስገዳጅነት የሌለው ከመሆኑም በላይ በገበያው ዋጋ እና መጠን ላይ ምንም ለውጥ አያመጣም።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 72-102 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የቁጥጥር ዓይነትየሕጋዊ ገደብ አቀማመጥየገበያ ውጤት
Price Ceilingከ equilibrium price በታችShortage (Excess demand)
Price Floorከ equilibrium price በላይSurplus (Excess supply)

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

እንደ የዋጋ ጣሪያ እና ዝቅተኛ ደመወዝ ያሉ ሕጋዊ የከፍተኛ ወይም ዝቅተኛ ዋጋ ገደቦች በገበያው ላይ የሚያመጡትን ተፅዕኖ ለመገምገም ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የዋጋ ጣሪያ ውጤት የሚኖረው ከተመጣጣኝ ዋጋ በታች ሲቀመጥ ብቻ ሲሆን፤ የዋጋ ወለል ውጤት የሚኖረው ከተመጣጣኝ ዋጋ በላይ ሲቀመጥ ብቻ ነው።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 72-102 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

According to the textbook, which two of the following are the primary tools of fiscal policy?

  1. A.Open market operations and the discount rate
  2. B.Taxation and government spending
  3. C.Minimum wages and price ceilings
  4. D.Foreign exchange reserves and tariffs
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Taxation and government spending

ምክንያቱ

Fiscal policy is the expenditure and revenue policy of the government. Its two key tools are taxation and government spending.

ጥያቄ 2

What is a minimum wage?

  1. A.A price ceiling set on basic food staples
  2. B.A legally mandated price floor on hourly wages
  3. C.The highest wage an employer is legally allowed to pay
  4. D.A voluntary monthly bonus paid to civil servants
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A legally mandated price floor on hourly wages

ምክንያቱ

A minimum wage is a legally mandated price floor on hourly wages, below which workers may not be offered or accept a job.

ጥያቄ 3

What is the main goal of an expansionary monetary policy during an economic slowdown?

  1. A.To increase interest rates and reduce borrowing
  2. B.To raise taxes and decrease public spending
  3. C.To lower interest rates and stimulate investment and consumption spending
  4. D.To sell government bonds to decrease the money supply
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C To lower interest rates and stimulate investment and consumption spending

ምክንያቱ

An expansionary (or loose) monetary policy lowers interest rates, making borrowing cheaper and stimulating consumption and investment spending.

ጥያቄ 4

Under a fixed exchange rate system, what term describes an increase in the exchange rate caused by political and economic decisions of the government?

  1. A.Devaluation
  2. B.Appreciation
  3. C.Depreciation
  4. D.Revaluation
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Devaluation

ምክንያቱ

Under a fixed exchange rate system, an increase in the exchange rate by government decision is called devaluation, whereas under a floating regime it is called depreciation.

ጥያቄ 5

When a government imposes an effective price ceiling on essential goods below the market equilibrium price, what is the direct market result?

  1. A.A surplus of the product
  2. B.A shortage of the product
  3. C.An immediate shift of the supply curve to the right
  4. D.A permanent drop in total consumer demand
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A shortage of the product

ምክንያቱ

A price ceiling is a legal maximum price set below the equilibrium price. Because quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at that lower price, it causes a shortage.

ጥያቄ 6

If the central bank wants to implement a contractionary monetary policy to control inflation, how will it adjust the required reserve ratio (RRR)?

  1. A.Lower the RRR to increase bank liquidity
  2. B.Increase the RRR to reduce the lending capacity of commercial banks
  3. C.Reduce the RRR to zero to encourage business investment
  4. D.Keep the RRR constant while printing additional paper money
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Increase the RRR to reduce the lending capacity of commercial banks

ምክንያቱ

Increasing the required reserve ratio forces commercial banks to hold more cash in reserve, which reduces their lending capacity and slows money supply growth.

ጥያቄ 7

An Ethiopian business based in Addis Ababa exports goods abroad and earns US dollars. When the firm converts these earnings to pay its workers in Ethiopian Birr, how does it participate in the foreign exchange market?

  1. A.It supplies Ethiopian Birr and demands US dollars
  2. B.It supplies US dollars and demands Ethiopian Birr
  3. C.It supplies both US dollars and Ethiopian Birr at the same time
  4. D.It demands both currencies without supplying either
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B It supplies US dollars and demands Ethiopian Birr

ምክንያቱ

An exporting firm earns foreign currency (US dollars) but needs local currency to pay local costs. Therefore, it is a supplier of US dollars and a demander of Ethiopian Birr.

ጥያቄ 8

How does a depreciation or devaluation of a country's currency affect its foreign trade prices?

  1. A.It makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper
  2. B.It makes exports cheaper for foreigners and imports more expensive for residents
  3. C.It raises the foreign price of exports without changing import costs
  4. D.It eliminates all tariffs on imported products
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B It makes exports cheaper for foreigners and imports more expensive for residents

ምክንያቱ

A depreciation or devaluation lowers the relative price of a country's exports to foreigners and raises the relative price of imports to residents.

ጥያቄ 9

Which component of government spending consists of direct payments such as unemployment insurance or welfare benefits where no goods or services are provided in return?

  1. A.Grants in aid
  2. B.Government spending on final goods (G)
  3. C.Transfer payments
  4. D.Net interest payments
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Transfer payments

ምክንያቱ

Transfer payments are direct payments to individuals (such as social security or welfare payments) where no goods or services are received in exchange.

ጥያቄ 10

In January 2012, what specific measure did the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) take to encourage commercial banks to lend money?

  1. A.Raised the minimum deposit reserve from 10% to 15%
  2. B.Cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10%
  3. C.Raised the liquid assets to deposits ratio from 20% to 25%
  4. D.Closed its discount window facility for all commercial banks
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10%

ምክንያቱ

In January 2012, the NBE cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10% and lowered the liquid assets to deposits ratio from 25% to 20% to encourage bank lending.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 72 እስከ ገጽ 102 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 214 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

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