Bu'aan kutaa 12ffaa ba'eera; bu'aa kee eessatti akka ilaaltu

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Diinagdee kutaa 12: Meeshaalee Imaammata Macroeconomic

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

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4
Kaardii
10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4
72–102
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

  1. 1.Definition and Types of Macroeconomic Policies
  2. 2.Fiscal Policy
  3. 3.Tools of Fiscal Policy
  4. 4.Types of Fiscal Policy
  5. 5.Monetary Policy
  6. 6.Tools of Monetary Policy
  7. 7.Types of Monetary Policies
  8. 8.Income Policy and Wage
  9. 9.Foreign Exchange Policies

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Sirna Jijjiirraa MaallaqaaGatiin Maallaqaa Hir'achuuGatiin Maallaqaa DabaluuMala Murteessu
Fixed Exchange RateDevaluationRevaluationMurtoo mootummaa
Flexible Exchange RateDepreciationAppreciationSupply fi demand gabaa

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Jijjiirama gatii maallaqa biyya alaa akkaataa sirna isaaniitiin ramaduu fi sochii gabaa murtoo mootummaa irraa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Gatiin hir'isuu (devaluation) fi deebisanii olkaasuun (revaluation) sirna dhaabbataa keessatti murtoo mootummaatiin raawwatamu, gatiin bu'uu (depreciation) fi olka'uun (appreciation) immoo fedhii fi dhiyeessii gabaatiin dhufu.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 72-102 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Meeshaa ImammataaTarkaanfii Bal'isaaTarkaanfii Qorqoraa
Fiscal: Baasii MootummaaBaasii dabaluuBaasii hir'isuu
Fiscal: TaaksiiTaaksii hir'isuuTaaksii dabaluu
Monetary: Discount RateDiscount rate hir'isuuDiscount rate dabaluu
Monetary: Open Market OperationsGovernment securities bituuGovernment securities gurguruu
Monetary: Required Reserve RatioReserve ratio hir'isuuReserve ratio dabaluu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo kufaatii dinagdee yookiin gatii dabaluu to'achuuf tarkaanfiiwwan fedhii waliigalaa sochoosan adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Imammanni bal'isaan yeroo kufaatii dinagdee hojii dhabdummaa hir'isa, imammanni qorqoraan immoo yeroo dinagdeen baay'ee ho'u gatii dabaluu to'ata.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 72-102 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Daangaan ol'aanaa yookiin gadi'aanaan walgitiinsa gabaa jeequu isaa baruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Daangaa gatii ol'aanaa gatii walgitiinsaa olitti kaa'uun yookiin daangaa gadi'aanaa gatii walgitiinsaa gadiitti kaa'uun dhiibbaa seeraa hin qabu, gatii fi hamma gabaa irrattis jijjiirama hin fidu.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 72-102 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gosa To'annooIddoo Daangaa SeeraaDhiibbaa Gabaa
Price CeilingEquilibrium price gadiShortage (Excess demand)
Price FloorEquilibrium price olSurplus (Excess supply)

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dhiibbaa daangaan gatii ol'aanaa fi gadi'aanaan seeraan murtaa'an gabaa irratti fidan gamaaggamuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Daangaan gatii ol'aanaa kan hojjetu gatii walgitiinsaa gadi yoo ta'e qofa, daangaan gatii gadi'aanaas kan hojjetu gatii walgitiinsaa ol yoo ta'e qofaadha.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 72-102 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the textbook, which two of the following are the primary tools of fiscal policy?

  1. A.Open market operations and the discount rate
  2. B.Taxation and government spending
  3. C.Minimum wages and price ceilings
  4. D.Foreign exchange reserves and tariffs
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Taxation and government spending

Sababa

Fiscal policy is the expenditure and revenue policy of the government. Its two key tools are taxation and government spending.

Gaaffii 2

What is a minimum wage?

  1. A.A price ceiling set on basic food staples
  2. B.A legally mandated price floor on hourly wages
  3. C.The highest wage an employer is legally allowed to pay
  4. D.A voluntary monthly bonus paid to civil servants
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A legally mandated price floor on hourly wages

Sababa

A minimum wage is a legally mandated price floor on hourly wages, below which workers may not be offered or accept a job.

Gaaffii 3

What is the main goal of an expansionary monetary policy during an economic slowdown?

  1. A.To increase interest rates and reduce borrowing
  2. B.To raise taxes and decrease public spending
  3. C.To lower interest rates and stimulate investment and consumption spending
  4. D.To sell government bonds to decrease the money supply
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C To lower interest rates and stimulate investment and consumption spending

Sababa

An expansionary (or loose) monetary policy lowers interest rates, making borrowing cheaper and stimulating consumption and investment spending.

Gaaffii 4

Under a fixed exchange rate system, what term describes an increase in the exchange rate caused by political and economic decisions of the government?

  1. A.Devaluation
  2. B.Appreciation
  3. C.Depreciation
  4. D.Revaluation
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Devaluation

Sababa

Under a fixed exchange rate system, an increase in the exchange rate by government decision is called devaluation, whereas under a floating regime it is called depreciation.

Gaaffii 5

When a government imposes an effective price ceiling on essential goods below the market equilibrium price, what is the direct market result?

  1. A.A surplus of the product
  2. B.A shortage of the product
  3. C.An immediate shift of the supply curve to the right
  4. D.A permanent drop in total consumer demand
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A shortage of the product

Sababa

A price ceiling is a legal maximum price set below the equilibrium price. Because quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at that lower price, it causes a shortage.

Gaaffii 6

If the central bank wants to implement a contractionary monetary policy to control inflation, how will it adjust the required reserve ratio (RRR)?

  1. A.Lower the RRR to increase bank liquidity
  2. B.Increase the RRR to reduce the lending capacity of commercial banks
  3. C.Reduce the RRR to zero to encourage business investment
  4. D.Keep the RRR constant while printing additional paper money
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Increase the RRR to reduce the lending capacity of commercial banks

Sababa

Increasing the required reserve ratio forces commercial banks to hold more cash in reserve, which reduces their lending capacity and slows money supply growth.

Gaaffii 7

An Ethiopian business based in Addis Ababa exports goods abroad and earns US dollars. When the firm converts these earnings to pay its workers in Ethiopian Birr, how does it participate in the foreign exchange market?

  1. A.It supplies Ethiopian Birr and demands US dollars
  2. B.It supplies US dollars and demands Ethiopian Birr
  3. C.It supplies both US dollars and Ethiopian Birr at the same time
  4. D.It demands both currencies without supplying either
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B It supplies US dollars and demands Ethiopian Birr

Sababa

An exporting firm earns foreign currency (US dollars) but needs local currency to pay local costs. Therefore, it is a supplier of US dollars and a demander of Ethiopian Birr.

Gaaffii 8

How does a depreciation or devaluation of a country's currency affect its foreign trade prices?

  1. A.It makes exports more expensive and imports cheaper
  2. B.It makes exports cheaper for foreigners and imports more expensive for residents
  3. C.It raises the foreign price of exports without changing import costs
  4. D.It eliminates all tariffs on imported products
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B It makes exports cheaper for foreigners and imports more expensive for residents

Sababa

A depreciation or devaluation lowers the relative price of a country's exports to foreigners and raises the relative price of imports to residents.

Gaaffii 9

Which component of government spending consists of direct payments such as unemployment insurance or welfare benefits where no goods or services are provided in return?

  1. A.Grants in aid
  2. B.Government spending on final goods (G)
  3. C.Transfer payments
  4. D.Net interest payments
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Transfer payments

Sababa

Transfer payments are direct payments to individuals (such as social security or welfare payments) where no goods or services are received in exchange.

Gaaffii 10

In January 2012, what specific measure did the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) take to encourage commercial banks to lend money?

  1. A.Raised the minimum deposit reserve from 10% to 15%
  2. B.Cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10%
  3. C.Raised the liquid assets to deposits ratio from 20% to 25%
  4. D.Closed its discount window facility for all commercial banks
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10%

Sababa

In January 2012, the NBE cut the minimum deposit reserve from 15% to 10% and lowered the liquid assets to deposits ratio from 25% to 20% to encourage bank lending.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 72 hanga fuula 102 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 214

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Diinagdee kutaa 12 hunda

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