የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 3፦ የገበያ ውድቀት እና የሸማቾች ጥበቃ

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 3 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 3 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
49–71
የምዕራፍ 3 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 3 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.Market Failure
  2. 2.Common Types of Market Failures
  3. 3.Solutions to Market Failures
  4. 4.Public Goods
  5. 5.Externalities
  6. 6.Asymmetric Information
  7. 7.Consumer Protection

የምዕራፍ 3 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በገበያ ውስጥ ያልተመጣጠነ መረጃ የሚያስከትላቸውን ሁለት የተለያዩ ችግሮች ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የጊዜ ቅደም ተከተላቸውን አያምታቱ። የተዛባ ምርጫ ውል ከመደረጉ በፊት ባለው የተደበቀ መረጃ ምክንያት የሚከሰት ሲሆን፣ የግብረገብ አደጋ ደግሞ ውል ከተፈረመ በኋላ በሚደረግ የተደበቀ ድርጊት ምክንያት የሚከሰት ነው።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 49-71 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የእቃ ዓይነትተቀናቃኝነትተጠቃሚን የመከልከል ሁኔታምሳሌ
Pure private goodsRivalrousExcludableምግብ፣ አልባሳት
Pure public goodsNon-rivalrousNon-excludableብሔራዊ መከላከያ፣ ንጹህ አየር
Impure public (toll)Non-rivalrousExcludableየክፍያ ፈጣን መንገዶች፣ cable TV
Impure public (common)RivalrousNon-excludableየውቅያኖስ ዓሣ፣ የጋራ ግጦሽ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

እቃዎችን በተቀናቃኝነት እና ተጠቃሚን ባለመከልከል ባህሪያቸው መሰረት ለመመደብ ይህንን ሰንጠረዥ ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

ፍፁም የህዝብ እቃዎች ሁለቱንም ተቀናቃኝ አለመሆን እና ተጠቃሚን አለመከልከል ባህሪያት ማሟላት አለባቸው። አንዱን ብቻ የያዙ እቃዎች ኢ-ፍፁም የህዝብ እቃዎች ይባላሉ።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 49-71 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በውጫዊ ተፅዕኖዎች ምክንያት የሚፈጠርን የገበያ ክፍተት እና የማስተካከያ ፖሊሲዎችን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

አሉታዊ ውጫዊ ተፅዕኖዎች ማኅበራዊ ወጪ ከግል ወጪ ስለሚበልጥ ከመጠን በላይ ምርት ያስከትላሉ፤ መፍትሔውም ግብር መጣል ነው። አዎንታዊ ውጫዊ ተፅዕኖዎች ደግሞ ማኅበራዊ ጥቅም ከግል ጥቅም ስለሚበልጥ አነስተኛ ምርት ያስከትላሉ፤ መፍትሔውም ድጎማ ማድረግ ነው።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 49-71 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

MSC=MPC+MECMSC = MPC + MEC
MSCMSC
ማኅበራዊ የኅዳግ ወጪETBETB
MPCMPC
የግል የኅዳግ ወጪETBETB
MECMEC
ውጫዊ የኅዳግ ወጪETBETB

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድ ተጨማሪ ምርት ሲመረት በህብረተሰቡ ላይ የሚደርሰውን አጠቃላይ ወጪ ለማስላት ይህንን ቀመር ይጠቀሙ።

ይጠንቀቁ

አሉታዊ ውጫዊ ተፅዕኖ በሚኖርበት ጊዜ ማኅበራዊ የኅዳግ ወጪ ከግል የኅዳግ ወጪ ይበልጣል። የነፃ ገበያው የዋጋ ስርአት ውጫዊውን የኅዳግ ወጪ አያካትትም።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 49-71 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 3 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

According to economics, what condition defines allocative efficiency in an economy?

  1. A.Marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost
  2. B.Marginal private benefit is greater than marginal social cost
  3. C.Total revenue equals total external cost
  4. D.Price equals average fixed cost
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost

ምክንያቱ

Allocative efficiency is achieved when it is impossible to reallocate resources to increase society welfare, which occurs when marginal social benefit (MSB) is equal to marginal social cost (MSC).

ጥያቄ 2

What are the two major features that define a pure public good?

  1. A.High price and private ownership
  2. B.Non-rivalry in consumption and non-excludability
  3. C.Rivalry in consumption and excludability
  4. D.Easy divisibility and profit generation
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Non-rivalry in consumption and non-excludability

ምክንያቱ

A pure public good has two primary features: non-rivalry in consumption (one person using it does not reduce the amount available to others) and non-excludability (it is difficult or expensive to prevent non-payers from consuming it).

ጥያቄ 3

Which Ethiopian law sets out the legal rights of consumers and protects them from unfair market practices?

  1. A.Consumer Proclamation No. 813/2013
  2. B.Consumer Proclamation No. 500/2005
  3. C.Consumer Proclamation No. 102/1998
  4. D.Consumer Proclamation No. 642/2010
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Consumer Proclamation No. 813/2013

ምክንያቱ

In Ethiopia, Consumer Proclamation No. 813/2013 outlines consumer rights, protection against unfair practices, and mechanisms for consumer grievance redressal.

ጥያቄ 4

What business malpractice refers to adding an inferior substance to the product being sold?

  1. A.Sale of duplicate goods
  2. B.Sale of adulterated goods
  3. C.Sale of spurious goods
  4. D.Hoarding and black-marketing
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Sale of adulterated goods

ምክንያቱ

The sale of adulterated goods is defined as adding something inferior or impure to the product being sold to consumers.

ጥያቄ 5

Why does the private market fail to provide pure public goods efficiently?

  1. A.High taxes prevent consumers from buying them
  2. B.The free rider problem arises because non-payers cannot be excluded
  3. C.Private firms are legally forbidden to provide services
  4. D.Consumer demand for public goods is always zero
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B The free rider problem arises because non-payers cannot be excluded

ምክንያቱ

Because public goods are non-excludable, people can benefit without paying (free riders). Since private sellers cannot easily collect payment, the free market underprovides or fails to supply them.

ጥያቄ 6

In the presence of a negative externality in production, how does marginal social cost (MSC) compare to marginal private cost (MPC)?

  1. A.MSC is less than MPC, leading to underproduction
  2. B.MSC is equal to MPC, maintaining perfect efficiency
  3. C.MSC is greater than MPC, leading to overproduction
  4. D.MSC is zero while MPC is positive
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C MSC is greater than MPC, leading to overproduction

ምክንያቱ

When a negative externality exists, MSC = MPC + MEC. Because MSC is greater than MPC, the competitive market produces more output than the socially optimal level (overproduction).

ጥያቄ 7

A bank in Hawassa reviews a borrower's credit history, job security, and assets before approving a loan. This strategy to combat adverse selection is called:

  1. A.Moral hazard
  2. B.Screening
  3. C.Signalling
  4. D.Free riding
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Screening

ምክንያቱ

Screening is an action taken by the uninformed party (in this case, the bank) to gather information about the other party to reduce adverse selection.

ጥያቄ 8

An individual in Addis Ababa buys comprehensive insurance against car theft and then becomes less careful about locking the vehicle. This situation is an example of:

  1. A.Adverse selection
  2. B.Positive externality
  3. C.Moral hazard
  4. D.Rent-seeking
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Moral hazard

ምክንያቱ

Moral hazard occurs when a party insulated from risk changes behavior and acts less carefully because another party (the insurer) bears the negative consequences.

ጥያቄ 9

According to the Coase theorem, private bargaining can resolve externalities without government taxes under which conditions?

  1. A.High transaction costs and price controls
  2. B.Zero or minimal transaction costs, a small number of affected parties, and well-defined property rights
  3. C.A large number of affected parties and unassigned property rights
  4. D.Government provision of subsidies and progressive taxation
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Zero or minimal transaction costs, a small number of affected parties, and well-defined property rights

ምክንያቱ

Coase (1960) showed that bargaining achieves an efficient outcome when transaction costs are zero or minimal, the number of affected individuals is small, and property rights are well defined.

ጥያቄ 10

To correct a negative production externality, what solution did economist A. C. Pigou propose?

  1. A.A per-unit subsidy equal to marginal external benefit
  2. B.A per-unit tax equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal private cost at the socially optimal output
  3. C.A price ceiling set below the marginal private cost
  4. D.Complete government takeover of all production facilities
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A per-unit tax equal to the difference between marginal social cost and marginal private cost at the socially optimal output

ምክንያቱ

Pigou proposed imposing a per-unit tax equal to the difference between marginal social cost (MSC) and marginal private cost (MPC) corresponding to the socially optimal output level to internalize the externality.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 3 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 3 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 49 እስከ ገጽ 71 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 214 ገጾች

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