የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ ምዕራፍ 2፦ የአጠቃላይ ፍላጎት እና አቅርቦት ትንተና

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 2 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

4
ካርዶች: 10
የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች: 26–48
የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 2 የሚሸፍነው

1.Aggregate Demand
2.Concept of Aggregate Demand
3.The Aggregate Demand Curve
4.Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve
5.Aggregate Supply
6.Concept of Aggregate Supply
7.The Upward Sloping Aggregate Supply Curve: The Short Run (SRAS)
8.The Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve: The Long Run (LRAS)
9.Equilibrium of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
10.Shocks to Aggregate Demand
11.Shocks to Aggregate Supply

የምዕራፍ 2 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ12ኛ ክፍል የኢኮኖሚክስ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

የጠቅላላ አቅርቦት ከርቭ ዓይነቶችየማጣቀሻ ሠንጠረዥKeynesian Aggregate Supply · Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) · Long-Run / Classical Supply (LRAS)

የአቅርቦት አድማስ	የከርቭ ቅርጽ	ዋና መነሻ ሀሳብ
Keynesian Aggregate Supply	Horizontal	ሰፊ ስራ አጥነት እና rigid wages ምርት በ constant prices ላይ እንዲስፋፋ ያስችላሉ
Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)	Upward sloping	Sticky wages እና worker misperceptions ምርት ለ price level አዎንታዊ ምላሽ እንዲሰጥ ያደርጋሉ
Long-Run / Classical Supply (LRAS)	Vertical	ሙሉ በሙሉ flexible የሆኑ prices እና wages ኢኮኖሚው በ natural real GDP ( $Q_N$ ) ላይ እንዲያመርት ያረጋግጣሉ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በኬኔዥያን፣ በአጭር ጊዜ እና በረጅም ጊዜ ክላሲካል የጠቅላላ አቅርቦት ከርቮች መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ቀጥ ያለ የ LRAS ከርቭ የተቀመጠው በተፈጥሯዊ Real GDP ( $Q_N$ ) ላይ ብቻ ነው፤ ይህም ማለት በረጅም ጊዜ የዋጋ ደረጃ መለወጥ በምርት መጠን ላይ ምንም ለውጥ አያመጣም።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 26-48 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የጠቅላላ ፍላጎት ክፍሎችቀመር

AD = C + I + G + (X - M)

AD = C + I + G + (X - M)

$AD$: Aggregate demand (ጠቅላላ ፍላጎት) $\text{ETB}$
$C$: የአባወራዎች Consumption ወጪ $\text{ETB}$
$I$: የግል Investment ወጪ $\text{ETB}$
$G$: የመንግስት Government purchases ወጪ $\text{ETB}$
$X$: የወጪ ንግድ ዋጋ (Exports) $\text{ETB}$
$M$: የገቢ ንግድ ዋጋ (Imports) $\text{ETB}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ይህንን ጠቅላላ ፍላጎትን ለማስላት ወይም በአንድ የኢኮኖሚ ዘርፍ የወጣ ወጪ በጠቅላላ ፍላጎት ላይ የሚያመጣውን ለውጥ ለመገምገም ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

Imports መደመር የለበትም። የተጣራ የወጪ ንግድ (Net exports) ከወጪ ንግድ ላይ የገቢ ንግድ ተቀንሶ የሚገኝ በመሆኑ የገቢ ንግድ መጨመር ጠቅላላ ፍላጎትን ይቀንሳል።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 26-48 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

በከርቭ ላይ የሚደረግ እንቅስቃሴ እና የከርቭ ሽግግር ልዩነትየተለመደ ስህተት

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

አንድ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ክስተት በጠቅላላ ፍላጎት ወይም አቅርቦት ከርቭ ላይ እንቅስቃሴ እንደሚያመጣ ወይም ሙሉውን ከርቭ እንደሚያሸጋሽግ ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የአጠቃላይ የዋጋ ደረጃ ለውጥ በነባሩ ከርቭ ላይ እንቅስቃሴን ብቻ ያመጣል (የተፈለገው ወይም የቀረበው መጠን ለውጥ)። ከዋጋ ውጭ ያሉ እንደ ታክስ፣ የግብዓት ዋጋ እና የመንግስት ወጪ የመሳሰሉት ግን ሙሉውን ከርቭ ያሸጋሽጋሉ።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 26-48 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

ትክክለኛ ደመወዝቀመር

W_r = \frac{W}{P}

W_r = \frac{W}{P}

$W_r$: Real wage (ትክክለኛ ደመወዝ) $\text{ETB}$
$W$: Nominal wage (ስመ ደመወዝ) $\text{ETB}$
$P$: የዋጋ ደረጃ ማውጫ (Price level index) $\text{dimensionless}$

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ይህንን የደመወዝ የመግዛት አቅምን ለማስላት ወይም የማይለዋወጡ ደመወዞች (sticky wages) የአጭር ጊዜ ጠቅላላ አቅርቦት ከርቭን ወደ ላይ ከፍ እንዲል የሚያደርጉበትን ምክንያት ለማብራራት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የስመ ደመወዝ በውል ታስሮ ባለበት ወቅት አጠቃላይ የዋጋ ደረጃ ከወረደ ትክክለኛ ደመወዝ ይጨምራል፤ ይህም ድርጅቶች ሠራተኞችን እንዲቀንሱና ምርት እንዲያሳንሱ ያደርጋል።

ከGrade 12 Economics፣ ገጽ 26-48 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 2 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

What are the four major components that make up aggregate demand (AD)?

A.Household consumption, private investment, government purchases, and net exports
B.Household savings, business taxes, government debt, and total imports
C.Wages, corporate profits, rental income, and interest payments
D.Agricultural output, industrial manufacturing, service sector, and gross exports

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Household consumption, private investment, government purchases, and net exports

ምክንያቱ

According to the textbook, aggregate demand consists of four major components: household consumption demand (C), private investment demand (I), government purchases (G), and net export demand (X - M), so AD = C + I + G + (X - M).

ጥያቄ 2

According to the textbook, what is the shape of the classical aggregate supply curve?

A.Horizontal
B.Vertical
C.Downward sloping
D.U-shaped

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Vertical

ምክንያቱ

The classical aggregate supply curve is vertical because classical economists assume that the labour market is always in equilibrium with full employment of the labour force.

ጥያቄ 3

Which of the following causes a movement along a single aggregate demand curve rather than a shift of the curve?

A.A change in consumer wealth
B.A change in personal income taxes
C.A change in the general price level
D.A change in government military spending

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C A change in the general price level

ምክንያቱ

A change in the general price level causes a change in the quantity demanded of real GDP, which is shown as a movement along the same aggregate demand curve. Other factors shift the entire curve.

ጥያቄ 4

A worker in Addis Ababa earns a nominal wage of 30 birr per hour. If the price level index is 1.50, what is the worker's real wage?

A.15 birr
B.20 birr
C.28.50 birr
D.45 birr

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 20 birr

ምክንያቱ

Real wage is calculated as Nominal wage divided by Price level. Here, 30 birr / 1.50 = 20 birr.

ጥያቄ 5

How does the interest rate effect explain the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve?

A.A higher price level reduces money holdings, which automatically lowers the nominal exchange rate.
B.A higher price level increases the demand for money, raising interest rates and reducing investment and interest-sensitive consumption.
C.A lower price level increases taxes, which reduces disposable income and lowers total business borrowing.
D.A lower price level makes domestic goods cheaper to foreign buyers, which increases net exports.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B A higher price level increases the demand for money, raising interest rates and reducing investment and interest-sensitive consumption.

ምክንያቱ

A higher price level increases the demand for money. With a fixed money supply, this drives up interest rates, which discourages investment spending and interest-sensitive consumption spending, lowering the quantity of real GDP demanded.

ጥያቄ 6

Suppose the Ethiopian Birr depreciates against foreign currencies. Holding other factors constant, how does this affect Ethiopia's net exports and aggregate demand?

A.Foreign goods become cheaper, imports rise, and aggregate demand shifts left.
B.Ethiopian exports fall, imports increase, and aggregate demand decreases.
C.Foreign goods become more expensive, exports rise, imports fall, and aggregate demand increases.
D.There is no effect because exchange rates only affect microeconomic markets.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Foreign goods become more expensive, exports rise, imports fall, and aggregate demand increases.

ምክንያቱ

When the Birr depreciates, foreign goods become more expensive so Ethiopians cut back on imports. At the same time, Ethiopian goods become cheaper for foreigners, so exports rise. As net exports rise, aggregate demand increases (shifts right).

ጥያቄ 7

According to the sticky wage theory, why does a decrease in the general price level lead to a decline in real output supplied in the short run?

A.Nominal wages fall faster than prices, causing workers to quit.
B.Real wages rise because nominal wages are locked in, causing firms to cut back on hiring and production.
C.Firms face higher nominal wage rates due to government labor regulations.
D.Workers demand higher nominal wages whenever the general price level drops.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Real wages rise because nominal wages are locked in, causing firms to cut back on hiring and production.

ምክንያቱ

Because nominal wages are locked in by contracts in the short run, a falling price level raises the real wage (Nominal wage / Price level). Higher real wages increase production costs, leading firms to reduce their labor demand and cut output.

ጥያቄ 8

What will happen to the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve if equilibrium wage rates across the economy rise?

A.The SRAS curve will shift to the left.
B.The SRAS curve will shift to the right.
C.The economy will move downward along the existing SRAS curve.
D.The SRAS curve will become completely horizontal.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A The SRAS curve will shift to the left.

ምክንያቱ

Higher wage rates increase the cost per unit for firms. At any given price level, higher costs reduce profitability, leading firms to reduce output. This causes a leftward shift of the SRAS curve.

ጥያቄ 9

According to the worker misperceptions theory, why does a fall in the price level lead to a temporary decrease in aggregate supply in the short run?

A.Firms mistakenly believe input costs have risen and therefore shut down.
B.Workers notice their lower nominal wages but misjudge the price drop, mistakenly believing their real wage has fallen.
C.Consumers misperceive lower prices as a sign of poor product quality and refuse to buy.
D.The government miscalculates the inflation rate and increases income taxes.

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Workers notice their lower nominal wages but misjudge the price drop, mistakenly believing their real wage has fallen.

ምክንያቱ

Under worker misperceptions, workers notice the drop in their nominal wage immediately but do not realize that the price level has dropped proportionally. Thinking their real wage has fallen, they reduce the quantity of labour supplied, causing output to decline.

ጥያቄ 10

In the long run, when all wages and prices have fully adjusted and worker misperceptions no longer exist, the level of real output produced by the economy is called:

A.Excess real GDP
B.Static real GDP
C.Natural or full-employment real GDP
D.Short-run equilibrium real GDP

መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Natural or full-employment real GDP

ምክንያቱ

In the long run, sticky wages and misperceptions disappear. The economy produces the full-employment real GDP, also known as the natural real GDP (denoted as QN), represented by the vertical LRAS curve.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 2 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 2 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 26 እስከ ገጽ 48 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 214 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ12ኛ ክፍል ኢኮኖሚክስ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

ይህን ምዕራፍ በመተግበሪያው ይለማመዱ

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Temari.et ለ Android ስልኮች መተግበሪያ አለው፤ በ Google Play ላይ በነጻ ይገኛል።

ስለ Temari መተግበሪያ