Bu'aan kutaa 12ffaa ba'eera; bu'aa kee eessatti akka ilaaltu

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 2 Diinagdee kutaa 12: Qaaccessa Aggregate Demand fi Aggregate Supply

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 2 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 12 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

Google Play irraa buufadhaa
4
Kaardii
10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2
26–48
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 maal haguuga

  1. 1.Aggregate Demand
  2. 2.Concept of Aggregate Demand
  3. 3.The Aggregate Demand Curve
  4. 4.Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve
  5. 5.Aggregate Supply
  6. 6.Concept of Aggregate Supply
  7. 7.The Upward Sloping Aggregate Supply Curve: The Short Run (SRAS)
  8. 8.The Vertical Aggregate Supply Curve: The Long Run (LRAS)
  9. 9.Equilibrium of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
  10. 10.Shocks to Aggregate Demand
  11. 11.Shocks to Aggregate Supply

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 2

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 12 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Daangaa DhiyeessiiBoca KurfaaYaada Bu'uuraa
Keynesian Aggregate SupplyHorizontalHojii dhabdummaa bal'aa fi rigid wages gatii dhaabbataa (constant prices) irratti oomishni akka babal'atu taasisu
Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)Upward slopingSticky wages fi worker misperceptions oomishni price level irratti deebii positifii akka kennu taasisu
Long-Run / Classical Supply (LRAS)VerticalGuutummatti flexible prices fi wages dinagdeen natural real GDP (QNQ_N) irratti akka oomishu mirkaneessu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Garaagarummaa kurfaa dhiyeessii Keynesian, short-run fi long-run classical adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Kurfaan dhaabbataa LRAS qajeeltoo natural real GDP (QNQ_N) irratti qofa argama, kunis yeroo dheeraa keessatti jijjiiramni gatii oomisha qabatamaa irratti dhiibbaa hin qabu jechuudha.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 26-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

AD=C+I+G+(X−M)AD = C + I + G + (X - M)
ADAD
Aggregate demand (gaaffii waliigalaa)ETB\text{ETB}
CC
Baasii Consumption maatiiwwaniiETB\text{ETB}
II
Baasii Investment dhuunfaaETB\text{ETB}
GG
Baasii Government purchases mootummaaETB\text{ETB}
XX
Gatii ergoo (Exports)ETB\text{ETB}
MM
Gatii galmee (Imports)ETB\text{ETB}

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Waliigala aggregate demand shallaguuf yookiin jijjiiramni baasii sektera kamiyyuu aggregate demand irratti dhiibbaa inni fidu gamaggamuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Imports hin dabalin. Net exports jechuun exports irraa imports hir'isuu waan ta'eef, dabaluun imports aggregate demand ni hir'isa.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 26-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Taateen dinagdee tokko kurfaa AD yookiin AS irratti sosochii fiduu isaa yookiin kurfaa guutuu jijjiiruu isaa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Jijjiiramni sadarkaa gatii waliigalaa kurfaa jiru irratti sosochii qofa fida (jijjiirama baay'ina gaafatamee ykn dhihaatee). Sababoonni gatiin alaa kanneen akka taaksii fi baasii mootummaa kurfaa guutuu gara mirgaatti ykn bitaatti jijjiiru.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 26-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Wr=WPW_r = \frac{W}{P}
WrW_r
Real wage (mindaa qabatamaa)ETB\text{ETB}
WW
Nominal wage (mindaa lakkoofsaa)ETB\text{ETB}
PP
Agarsiiftuu sadarkaa gatii (Price level index)dimensionless\text{dimensionless}

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Dandeettii bittaa mindaa shallaguuf yookiin sababa mindaan dhaabbataan kurfaa short-run aggregate supply gara oliitti olkaasu ibsuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yeroo sadarkaan gatii gadi bu'utti mindaan nominal wage waraqaadhaan yoo hidhame, real wage ni dabala, kunis dhaabbileen hojjetoota hir'isanii oomisha akka xiqqeessan taasisa.

Grade 12 Economics, fuula 26-48 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

What are the four major components that make up aggregate demand (AD)?

  1. A.Household consumption, private investment, government purchases, and net exports
  2. B.Household savings, business taxes, government debt, and total imports
  3. C.Wages, corporate profits, rental income, and interest payments
  4. D.Agricultural output, industrial manufacturing, service sector, and gross exports
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Household consumption, private investment, government purchases, and net exports

Sababa

According to the textbook, aggregate demand consists of four major components: household consumption demand (C), private investment demand (I), government purchases (G), and net export demand (X - M), so AD = C + I + G + (X - M).

Gaaffii 2

According to the textbook, what is the shape of the classical aggregate supply curve?

  1. A.Horizontal
  2. B.Vertical
  3. C.Downward sloping
  4. D.U-shaped
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Vertical

Sababa

The classical aggregate supply curve is vertical because classical economists assume that the labour market is always in equilibrium with full employment of the labour force.

Gaaffii 3

Which of the following causes a movement along a single aggregate demand curve rather than a shift of the curve?

  1. A.A change in consumer wealth
  2. B.A change in personal income taxes
  3. C.A change in the general price level
  4. D.A change in government military spending
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C A change in the general price level

Sababa

A change in the general price level causes a change in the quantity demanded of real GDP, which is shown as a movement along the same aggregate demand curve. Other factors shift the entire curve.

Gaaffii 4

A worker in Addis Ababa earns a nominal wage of 30 birr per hour. If the price level index is 1.50, what is the worker's real wage?

  1. A.15 birr
  2. B.20 birr
  3. C.28.50 birr
  4. D.45 birr
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 20 birr

Sababa

Real wage is calculated as Nominal wage divided by Price level. Here, 30 birr / 1.50 = 20 birr.

Gaaffii 5

How does the interest rate effect explain the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve?

  1. A.A higher price level reduces money holdings, which automatically lowers the nominal exchange rate.
  2. B.A higher price level increases the demand for money, raising interest rates and reducing investment and interest-sensitive consumption.
  3. C.A lower price level increases taxes, which reduces disposable income and lowers total business borrowing.
  4. D.A lower price level makes domestic goods cheaper to foreign buyers, which increases net exports.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B A higher price level increases the demand for money, raising interest rates and reducing investment and interest-sensitive consumption.

Sababa

A higher price level increases the demand for money. With a fixed money supply, this drives up interest rates, which discourages investment spending and interest-sensitive consumption spending, lowering the quantity of real GDP demanded.

Gaaffii 6

Suppose the Ethiopian Birr depreciates against foreign currencies. Holding other factors constant, how does this affect Ethiopia's net exports and aggregate demand?

  1. A.Foreign goods become cheaper, imports rise, and aggregate demand shifts left.
  2. B.Ethiopian exports fall, imports increase, and aggregate demand decreases.
  3. C.Foreign goods become more expensive, exports rise, imports fall, and aggregate demand increases.
  4. D.There is no effect because exchange rates only affect microeconomic markets.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Foreign goods become more expensive, exports rise, imports fall, and aggregate demand increases.

Sababa

When the Birr depreciates, foreign goods become more expensive so Ethiopians cut back on imports. At the same time, Ethiopian goods become cheaper for foreigners, so exports rise. As net exports rise, aggregate demand increases (shifts right).

Gaaffii 7

According to the sticky wage theory, why does a decrease in the general price level lead to a decline in real output supplied in the short run?

  1. A.Nominal wages fall faster than prices, causing workers to quit.
  2. B.Real wages rise because nominal wages are locked in, causing firms to cut back on hiring and production.
  3. C.Firms face higher nominal wage rates due to government labor regulations.
  4. D.Workers demand higher nominal wages whenever the general price level drops.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Real wages rise because nominal wages are locked in, causing firms to cut back on hiring and production.

Sababa

Because nominal wages are locked in by contracts in the short run, a falling price level raises the real wage (Nominal wage / Price level). Higher real wages increase production costs, leading firms to reduce their labor demand and cut output.

Gaaffii 8

What will happen to the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve if equilibrium wage rates across the economy rise?

  1. A.The SRAS curve will shift to the left.
  2. B.The SRAS curve will shift to the right.
  3. C.The economy will move downward along the existing SRAS curve.
  4. D.The SRAS curve will become completely horizontal.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A The SRAS curve will shift to the left.

Sababa

Higher wage rates increase the cost per unit for firms. At any given price level, higher costs reduce profitability, leading firms to reduce output. This causes a leftward shift of the SRAS curve.

Gaaffii 9

According to the worker misperceptions theory, why does a fall in the price level lead to a temporary decrease in aggregate supply in the short run?

  1. A.Firms mistakenly believe input costs have risen and therefore shut down.
  2. B.Workers notice their lower nominal wages but misjudge the price drop, mistakenly believing their real wage has fallen.
  3. C.Consumers misperceive lower prices as a sign of poor product quality and refuse to buy.
  4. D.The government miscalculates the inflation rate and increases income taxes.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Workers notice their lower nominal wages but misjudge the price drop, mistakenly believing their real wage has fallen.

Sababa

Under worker misperceptions, workers notice the drop in their nominal wage immediately but do not realize that the price level has dropped proportionally. Thinking their real wage has fallen, they reduce the quantity of labour supplied, causing output to decline.

Gaaffii 10

In the long run, when all wages and prices have fully adjusted and worker misperceptions no longer exist, the level of real output produced by the economy is called:

  1. A.Excess real GDP
  2. B.Static real GDP
  3. C.Natural or full-employment real GDP
  4. D.Short-run equilibrium real GDP
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Natural or full-employment real GDP

Sababa

In the long run, sticky wages and misperceptions disappear. The economy produces the full-employment real GDP, also known as the natural real GDP (denoted as QN), represented by the vertical LRAS curve.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 26 hanga fuula 48 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 214

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Diinagdee kutaa 12 hunda

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