Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Fiizikii kutaa 10: Elektiriikii Istaatiikii fi Karentii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Fiizikii kutaa 10 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

6
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4: 82–131
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

1.Charges in Nature
2.Methods of Charging a Body
3.The Electroscope
4.Electrical Discharge
5.Coulomb's Law of Electrostatics
6.The Electric Field
7.Electric circuits
8.Current, Voltage and Ohm's law
9.Combination of Resistors in a Circuit
10.Voltmeter and Ammeter Connection in a Circuit
11.Electrical Safety in General and Local context
12.Electric Projects

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Fiizikii kutaa 10 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Seera CoulombFoormulaa

F = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}

F = k \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}

$F$: humna elektiriikii $\text{N}$
$k$: Dhaabbataa Kuulombii $\text{N}\,\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$
$q_1$: electric charge isa duraa $\text{C}$
$q_2$: electric charge isa lammaffaa $\text{C}$
$r$: fageenya charges gidduu $\text{m}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Humna electrostatic force point charges lamaan gidduu jiru herreguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Fageenya jala jiru isquweerii gochuu hin dagatin. Mallattoon negatiivii wal harkisuu agarsiisa.

Grade 10 Physics, fuula 82-131 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Jabina Electric FieldFoormulaa

E = k \frac{q}{r^2}

E = k \frac{q}{r^2}

$E$: cimina dirree elektiriikii $\text{N}/\text{C}$
$k$: Dhaabbataa Kuulombii $\text{N}\,\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$
$q$: chaarjii elektiriikii madda $\text{C}$
$r$: fageenya charge irraa jiru $\text{m}$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Fageenya murtaa'aa point charge irraa jiru irratti jabina electric field herreguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Fageenyi r meetiraan safaramee jala irratti isquweerii ta'uu qaba.

Grade 10 Physics, fuula 82-131 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Dogoggora Walitti Qabsiisa SafartuuDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sarkiyuutii keessatti current yookiin voltage safaruuf yeroo safartuuwwan walitti qabsiiftu itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Gonkumaa ammeter cinaatti yookiin voltmeter wal duraa duubaan hin wal qabsiisin. Ammeter cinaatti yoo qabate current hedduu harkisee manca'a, voltmeter wal duraa duubaan yoo qabate immoo resistance guddaa waan qabuuf yaa'a current dhaaba.

Grade 10 Physics, fuula 82-131 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Seera OhmFoormulaa

\Delta V = I R

\Delta V = I R

$\Delta V$: garaagarummaa pootensiyaalaa $\text{V}$
$I$: yaatuu elektiriikii $\text{A}$
$R$: ittisa elektiriikii $\Omega$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Walitti dhufeenya potential difference, electric current fi resistance herreguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Seerri Ohm kan hojjetu qooddoota Ohmic ta'anii fi haalli akka teempireecharaa dhaabbataa ta'eef qofa.

Grade 10 Physics, fuula 82-131 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Makaa ResistorsGabatee wabiiSeries · Parallel

Walitti qabsiisa	Equivalent resistance	Current	Potential difference
Series	$R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + \dots + R_n$	$I = I_1 = I_2 = \dots$	$\Delta V = \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 + \dots$
Parallel	$\frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \dots + \frac{1}{R_n}$	$I = I_1 + I_2 + \dots$	$\Delta V = \Delta V_1 = \Delta V_2 = \dots$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sarkiyuutii resistors wal duraa duubaan yookiin cinaatti wal qabatan keessatti equivalent resistance, current yookiin voltage herreguuf itti fayyadami.

Of eeggadhu

Resistors cinaatti wal qabataniif, jalqaba 1/R_eq erga shallagdee booda R_eq argachuuf deebii garagalchi.

Grade 10 Physics, fuula 82-131 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Earthing fi qarri sadaffaan paluugii irraaSeeraWayirii live · Wayirii neutral · Wayirii earth · +3

Kutaa sirnichaa	Yeroo hojii idilee	Yeroo rakkoon uumamu
Wayirii live	Karentii gara meeshichaatti fida; lafa wajjin walbira qabamee gara 220 V irra jira.	Yoo qaama sibiilaa tuqe, hanga dhiyeessiin citutti qaamni sun live ta'a.
Wayirii neutral	Karentii sana gara maddaatti deebisa; 0 V dhiyoo ta'ee tura.	Karentii hojii waan baatuuf bakka wayirii earth gonkumaa bu'uu hin danda'u.
Wayirii earth	Karentii tokko illee hin baatu; qaama sibiilaa meeshichaa potentiaalii lafaa irratti qabata.	Fault current dhaaf karaa resistance gadi aanaa qabu gara lafaatti kenna, kanaaf karentiin guddaan ni yaa'a.
Fuuzii yookaan MCB	Wayirii live irratti kaa'ama malee neutral irratti hin kaa'amu.	Fault current guddaan sun fuuzii gubata yookaan MCB kuta; meeshichis dhiyeessii irraa ni cita.
Paluugii qara lama qabu	Meeshaa qaama sibiilaa qabuuf karaa earth tokko illee hin kennu.	Yoo rakkoon uumame qaamni alaa live ta'ee hafuu danda'a. Meeshaan double-insulated qaama pilaastikaa qabu garuu itti yaadamee qara lamaaf hojjetame.
Sookeetii keenyan mana Itoophiyaa keessaa	Kan Awurooppaa qara geengoo qabu, 220 V fi 50 Hz; tuqaan earth yeroo baay'ee kilippii cinaacha sookeetii irra jiruun hojjetama.	Qarawwan roga afurii sadan waraqaa qo'annoo irratti kaafaman kan Biriteen ti; achi irratti qarri earth dheeraa fi furdaa waan ta'eef dursee wal qaba, booda immoo gad dhiisa.

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Yeroo gaaffiin maaliif meeshaan qaama sibiilaa qabu kan akka firiijii, mitaadii elektiriikii yookaan bishaan ho'isaa wayirii sadaffaa barbaada jedhee gaafatu fayyadami. Wayirriin earth nama meeshicha tuqu eega: fault current dhaaf karaa resistance gadi aanaa qabu waan kennuuf, namni miidhamuun dura fuuziin ni gubata yookaan MCBn ni cita.

Of eeggadhu

Barattoonni wayirii earth fi wayirii neutral waan tokko se'u, sababni isaas lamaanuu 0 V dhiyoo waan safaramaniif; kaan immoo wayirii tokko oolchuuf qara earth kallattiin neutral irratti hidhu. Isaan waan tokko miti. Hojii idilee keessatti neutral karentii hojii guutuu ni baata, earth garuu homaa hin baatu. Kanaaf yoo neutral akka earth tti fayyadamame sun bakka kamittiyyuu ol irratti cite, qaamni sibiilaa meeshichaa mootora keessaan wayirii live wajjin walitti hidhamee 220 V irra ta'a. Walakkaan dogoggora kanaa inni lammaffaan fuuzii neutral irratti kaa'uu dha: fuuziin ni gubata, garuu meeshichi wayirii live wajjin walitti hidhamee waan hafuuf tuquun balaa qaba. Seerichi gabaabaa dha: fuuziin wayirii live irratti kaa'ama, earth qaama sibiilaatti hidhama, neutral immoo karentii gara maddaatti deebisa.

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

According to the law of conservation of charge, what happens to electric charges in an isolated system?

A.They can be created from other forms of energy.
B.They can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
C.They are completely destroyed when opposite charges touch.
D.They continuously increase in number over time.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B They can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.

Sababa

The law of conservation of charge states that electric charges can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be transferred from one material to another.

Gaaffii 2

A student in Hawassa uses a gold-leaf electroscope in the laboratory. What is the primary function of an electroscope?

A.To produce a continuous electric current
B.To measure the electrical resistance of a circuit
C.To detect the sign and amount of charge on a body
D.To convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C To detect the sign and amount of charge on a body

Sababa

An electroscope is a device specifically used to detect the sign and amount of electric charge on a body.

Gaaffii 3

What is the potential difference between two points when 1 Joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 Coulomb from one point to the other?

A.1 Ampere
B.1 Volt
C.1 Ohm
D.1 Watt

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 1 Volt

Sababa

By definition, one volt is the potential difference between two points in a conductor when 1 Joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 Coulomb from one point to the other (ΔV = W / Q).

Gaaffii 4

Why must an ammeter be connected in series with a resistor in an electric circuit?

A.Because components in series experience the same potential difference.
B.Because components in series have the same electric current passing through them.
C.Because connecting it in series increases circuit resistance to infinity.
D.Because it prevents current from flowing through the rest of the circuit.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Because components in series have the same electric current passing through them.

Sababa

An ammeter is connected in series because objects connected in series have the exact same current flowing through them.

Gaaffii 5

According to Coulomb's law, what happens to the electrostatic force between two point charges if the distance between them is doubled?

A.The force becomes 4 times smaller.
B.The force is doubled.
C.The force becomes 2 times smaller.
D.The force becomes 4 times larger.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A The force becomes 4 times smaller.

Sababa

Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (F ∝ 1/r²). Doubling the distance increases the denominator by 2² = 4, making the force 4 times smaller.

Gaaffii 6

What is the magnitude of the electric field at a point 2.00 m away from a point charge of 5.00 mC (5.00 × 10^-3 C)? (Use k = 9 × 10⁹ N m²/C²)

A.2.25 × 106 N/C
B.4.50 × 106 N/C
C.11.25 × 106 N/C
D.22.50 × 106 N/C

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 11.25 × 106 N/C

Sababa

Using the formula E = k · q / r²:
E = (9 × 10⁹ N m²/C² × 5.00 × 10^-3 C) / (2.00 m)² = 45 × 10⁶ / 4 = 11.25 × 10⁶ N/C.

Gaaffii 7

Two copper wires in a workshop in Addis Ababa have the same length. Wire A has twice the cross-sectional area of Wire B. How does the resistance of Wire A compare to Wire B?

A.Wire A has twice the resistance of Wire B.
B.Wire A has four times the resistance of Wire B.
C.Wire A has half the resistance of Wire B.
D.Wire A has the same resistance as Wire B.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Wire A has half the resistance of Wire B.

Sababa

The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area (R = ρl / A). Therefore, doubling the area reduces the resistance by half.

Gaaffii 8

Three resistors of 4.0 Ω, 8.0 Ω, and 12.0 Ω are connected in series across a 24.0 V power source. What is the electric current flowing through the circuit?

A.0.5 A
B.1.0 A
C.2.0 A
D.3.0 A

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 1.0 A

Sababa

For resistors in series, equivalent resistance is R_eq = 4.0 Ω + 8.0 Ω + 12.0 Ω = 24.0 Ω. Using Ohm's law, I = ΔV / R_eq = 24.0 V / 24.0 Ω = 1.0 A.

Gaaffii 9

Two charges, q₁ = +2 × 10^-6 C and q₂ = -4 × 10^-3 C, are separated by 0.3 m. What is the magnitude and nature of the electric force between them? (Use k = 9 × 10⁹ N m²/C²)

A.800 N, attractive
B.800 N, repulsive
C.240 N, attractive
D.240 N, repulsive

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 800 N, attractive

Sababa

Using Coulomb's law: F = k · |q₁ · q₂| / r² = (9 × 10⁹ × 2 × 10^-6 × 4 × 10^-3) / (0.3)² = 72 / 0.09 = 800 N. Since the two charges have opposite signs, they attract each other.

Gaaffii 10

A piece of wire is cut into 5 identical pieces. When connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance is 2 Ω. What was the resistance of the original wire before it was cut?

A.10 Ω
B.25 Ω
C.50 Ω
D.100 Ω

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C 50 Ω

Sababa

Let each piece have resistance R. In parallel, 1/R_eq = 5/R, which gives R = 5 × 2 Ω = 10 Ω for each piece. Originally, the 5 pieces were in series, so the total original resistance was 5 × 10 Ω = 50 Ω.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 82 hanga fuula 131 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 212

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Fiizikii kutaa 10 hunda

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