Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 2 Diinagdee kutaa 9: Rakkoolee Bu'uuraa Ikonomiksii fi Sirnoota Ikonomiksii

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 2 kitaaba Diinagdee kutaa 9 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

5
Kaardii: 10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2: 13–28
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 maal haguuga

1.The Basic Economic Problems: Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost
2.Central Problems of Economies
3.Economic Systems

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 2

Kaardiiwwan fuula Diinagdee kutaa 9 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

Walbira Qabinsa Sirnoota DiinagdeeGabatee wabiiTraditional economy · Capitalist economy · Command economy · +1

Sirna Diinagdee	Abbummaa Qabeenyaa	Mala Hirmaannaa Qabeenyaa
Traditional economy	Maatii yookiin gosa	Aadaa, duudhaa fi barter
Capitalist economy	Abbummaa dhuunfaa (Private ownership)	Price mechanism, dorgommii fi kaka'umsa bu'aa
Command economy	Mootummaa yookiin gamtaa	Central economic planning
Mixed economy	Kutaalee dhuunfaa fi mootummaa (public)	Market forces karoora mootummaa wajjin walitti qindaa'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sirnoonni diinagdee adda addaa abbummaa qabeenyaa fi hirama qabeenyaa akkamitti akka murteessan walbira qabuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Command economy keessatti qabeenyi dhuunfaa hin jiru, Mixed economy keessatti garuu qabeenyi dhuunfaa fi mootummaa waliin jiru.

Grade 9 Economics, fuula 13-28 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Shallaggii Opportunity CostFoormulaa

\text{Opportunity Cost} = \left| \frac{\Delta \text{Sacrificed Output}}{\Delta \text{Gained Output}} \right|

\text{Opportunity Cost} = \left| \frac{\Delta \text{Sacrificed Output}}{\Delta \text{Gained Output}} \right|

$\Delta \text{Sacrificed Output}$: Hamma oomisha aarsaa ta'ee dhabame $units$
$\Delta \text{Gained Output}$: Hamma oomisha dabalataa argame $units$

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

PPF irratti oomisha dabalataa tokko argachuuf jecha oomisha aarsaa ta'e shallaguuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Opportunity cost kan safaramu lakkoofsa oomisha dhabameen malee maallaqaan miti. Yeroo hunda gatii absolute value fayyadamaa.

Grade 9 Economics, fuula 13-28 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Qabxilee Production Possibilities FrontierGabatee wabiiCurve irra · Curve keessa · Curve ala

Iddoo	Haala	Hiika Diinagdee
Curve irra	Qaqqabamaa (Attainable) fi efficient	Full employment fi fayyadama resources optimal ta'e
Curve keessa	Qaqqabamaa (Attainable) garuu inefficient	Resources underutilised ta'an yookiin unemployment
Curve ala	Qaqqabamuu kan hin dandeenye (Unattainable)	Dandeettii resources fi technology ammaa ol

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Giraafii PPF irratti gahumsaa fi dandeettii oomishaa adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Qabxiileen sararicha keessatti argaman oomishamuu danda'u, garuu qabeenyi akka qisaasame ykn hojii dhabdummaa agarsiisu.

Grade 9 Economics, fuula 13-28 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Scarcity fi Shortage Wal-makaa GochuuDogoggora baratame

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Rakkoo diinagdee isa hundaa fi hanqina gabaa isa yeroo giddutti adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Scarcity rakkoo dhaabbataa fi gatii zeeroo irrattillee kan jiruudha. Shortage garuu gatii gabaa jiru irratti hanqina yeroo qofaadha.

Grade 9 Economics, fuula 13-28 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Rakkoolee Diinagdee Ijoo SadaniGabatee wabiiQoodiinsa qabeenyaa (Allocation of resources) · Filannoo teeknikaa (Choice of technique) · Qoodiinsa oomishaa (Distribution of output)

Rakkoo	Gaaffii Ijoo	Xiyyeeffannoo Murtoo
Qoodiinsa qabeenyaa (Allocation of resources)	Maaltu oomishamuu qaba? (What to produce?)	Gosa fi baay'ina miyaalee (capital vs consumption)
Filannoo teeknikaa (Choice of technique)	Akkamitti oomishamuu qaba? (How to produce?)	Malleen oomishaa labour-intensive vs capital-intensive
Qoodiinsa oomishaa (Distribution of output)	Eenyuuf oomishamuu qaba? (For whom to produce?)	Qoodiinsa miyaalee miseensota hawaasaa gidduutti

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Sababa hanqina qabeenyaatiin gaaffilee bu'uuraa diinagdeen kamiyyuu deebisuu qabu adda baasuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

How to produce kan ilaallatu filannoo teeknikaa (labour fi capital) malee raabsa oomishaa miti.

Grade 9 Economics, fuula 13-28 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 2

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

What is the fundamental economic problem that every society faces?

A.A temporary shortage of money
B.The scarcity of resources relative to unlimited human wants
C.The rapid growth of the banking system
D.Too much supply of consumer goods

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The scarcity of resources relative to unlimited human wants

Sababa

According to the textbook, the fundamental economic problem that any human society faces is the problem of scarcity, which is the imbalance between limited resources and unlimited human wants.

Gaaffii 2

What is the definition of opportunity cost?

A.The total money paid for a product in the market
B.The value of the next best alternative that must be sacrificed
C.The government tax placed on imported goods
D.The profit earned by a business firm

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B The value of the next best alternative that must be sacrificed

Sababa

Opportunity cost is defined as the amount or value of the next best alternative that must be sacrificed (forgone) in order to obtain one more unit of a product.

Gaaffii 3

The basic economic question 'What goods and services are to be produced?' is also called the problem of:

A.Allocation of resources
B.Choice of technique
C.Distribution of national product
D.Central economic planning

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Allocation of resources

Sababa

The question 'What goods and services are to be produced?' is also called the problem of the allocation of resources because an economy must decide the types and quantities of goods to make.

Gaaffii 4

Which economic system relies mainly on customs, history, and barter instead of money?

A.Capitalist economy
B.Command economy
C.Traditional economy
D.Mixed economy

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Traditional economy

Sababa

A traditional economy relies on customs, history, and time-honored beliefs, and uses barter instead of money to exchange goods.

Gaaffii 5

How does the textbook distinguish between scarcity and shortage?

A.Scarcity is a short-term issue, while shortage is endless.
B.Shortage means resources are finite, while scarcity is solved by money.
C.Scarcity is universal and endless, while shortage is a specific and short-term problem.
D.There is no difference between scarcity and shortage in economics.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Scarcity is universal and endless, while shortage is a specific and short-term problem.

Sababa

The textbook states that a shortage is a specific and short-term problem occurring at the prevailing price, while scarcity is a universal and endless problem.

Gaaffii 6

On a Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF), any point located inside the curve represents an output combination that is:

A.Unattainable
B.Attainable and efficient
C.Attainable but inefficient
D.Achieving full employment and economic growth

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Attainable but inefficient

Sababa

All points on the curve are attainable and efficient, while any point inside the curve is attainable but inefficient.

Gaaffii 7

A farmer in Gojjam chooses to produce teff using more labour relative to capital (machinery) per unit of output. Which production technique is the farmer using?

A.Capital-intensive technique
B.Labour-intensive technique
C.Command technique
D.Centralized technique

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Labour-intensive technique

Sababa

A labour-intensive technique involves using more labour relative to capital per unit of output.

Gaaffii 8

In a capitalist economy, producers make goods according to what buyers want. This principle is known as:

A.Central planning
B.Consumer sovereignty
C.Collective ownership
D.Asymmetric growth

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Consumer sovereignty

Sababa

Consumer sovereignty means consumers can buy goods that suit their tastes, and producers produce goods in accordance with consumer demand.

Gaaffii 9

A nation produces only food (in metric tons) and computers. At combination B, it produces 420 metric tons of food and 500 computers. At combination C, it produces 320 metric tons of food and 1000 computers. What is the opportunity cost of producing 1 additional computer when moving from B to C?

A.0.2 metric tons of food
B.100 metric tons of food
C.5 metric tons of food
D.500 metric tons of food

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A 0.2 metric tons of food

Sababa

Moving from B to C, the nation gains 500 computers (1000 minus 500) and sacrifices 100 metric tons of food (420 minus 320). The opportunity cost per computer is 100 / 500 = 0.2 metric tons of food.

Gaaffii 10

Why is the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) concave to the origin?

A.Because total resources in an economy are unlimited.
B.Because government sets fixed prices for all commodities.
C.Because resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses, leading to increasing opportunity costs.
D.Because technology constantly improves every month.

Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Because resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses, leading to increasing opportunity costs.

Sababa

The law of increasing opportunity cost states that opportunity costs increase as more of a good is produced because economic resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses (specialization effect). This makes the PPF concave to the origin.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 2

Boqonnaan 2 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 13 hanga fuula 28 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 130

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Diinagdee kutaa 9 hunda

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