የ12ኛ ክፍል ውጤት ወጥቷል፤ ውጤትዎን የሚያዩበት መንገድ

የምዕራፍ ማስታወሻዎችና የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

የ11ኛ ክፍል ባዮሎጂ ምዕራፍ 4

በዚህ ገጽ ያለው ሁሉ ለ11ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ መፅሐፍ ምዕራፍ 4 ነው፦ ምዕራፉ የሚሸፍነው፣ አጭር ማስታወሻዎቹ፣ የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች ከመልሶቻቸው ጋር፣ እና ቪዲዮ ባለበት የትምህርቱ ቪዲዮ።

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የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች
113–179
የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 የሚሸፍነው

  1. 1.The genetic materials
  2. 2.The structure and function of DNA and RNA
  3. 3.The Structure and function of DNA
  4. 4.3DNA replication
  5. 5.2The structure and function of RNA
  6. 6.The process of cell division
  7. 7.1Cell Division
  8. 8.Protein synthesis
  9. 9.Mendelian inheritance
  10. 10.1Mendelian crosses
  11. 11.2Monohybrid cross
  12. 12.3Dihybrid Cross
  13. 13.4Test Crosses
  14. 14.Sex determination
  15. 15.Non-Mendelian inheritance
  16. 16.1Co-dominance, Incomplete dominance and Multiple alleles
  17. 17.2Rh factor inheritance in humans and its medical importance
  18. 18.3Sex-linked inheritance in humans
  19. 19.4Environmental effects on phenotype
  20. 20.Human pedigree analysis and its importance

የምዕራፍ 4 አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

በ11ኛ ክፍል የባዮሎጂ ገጽ ላይ በዚህ ምዕራፍ ሥር የተመዘገቡት ካርዶች። አንድ በአንድ ይክፈቱ።

ኢንዛይምተግባር
DNA helicaseሁለቱን የ DNA strands ይፈታል እንዲሁም ይለያያል
DNA polymeraseበ 5' to 3' direction እያደገ ላለው strand ተጨማሪ complementary nucleotides ይጨምራል
RNA primaseለ DNA strand ተጓዳኝ (complementary) የሆኑ RNA primers ያዘጋጃል
DNA ligaseየ phosphodiester bonds በመፍጠር የ DNA fragments ያገናኛል
Topoisomeraseከ replication fork ፊት ለፊት supercoiling እንዳይፈጠር ይከላከላል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

በS ምዕራፍ ወቅት በዲኤንኤ ሬፕሊኬሽን ፎርክ ላይ የሚሰሩትን ኢንዛይሞች ተግባር ለመከለስ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ዲኤንኤ ፖሊሜሬዝ ውህደትን በራሱ መጀመር አይችልም፦ በአርኤንኤ ፕራይሜዝ የተዘጋጀ ፕራይመር ያስፈልገዋል፣ ኑክሊኦታይድ የሚጨምረውም ከ5' ወደ 3' አቅጣጫ ብቻ ነው።

ከGrade 11 Biology፣ ገጽ 113-179 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የማዳቀል አይነትየወላጆች ጂኖታይፕየፊኖታይፕ ምጥጥንየጂኖታይፕ ምጥጥን
Monohybrid F2Tt×TtTt \times Tt3:11:2:1
Dihybrid F2RrYy×RrYyRrYy \times RrYy9:3:3:11:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
Test cross (Heterozygous)Pp×ppPp \times pp1:11:1
Incomplete/Codominance F2RW×RWRW \times RW1:2:11:2:1

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ለሞኖሃይብሪድ፣ ለዳይሃይብሪድ እና ለቴስት ክሮስ የሚጠበቁ የፊኖታይፕ እና የጂኖታይፕ ምጥጥኖችን ለማግኘት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ያልተሟላ ዶሚናንስ እና ኮዶሚናንስ በF2 ውስጥ ተመሳሳይ 1:2:1 የፊኖታይፕ እና ጂኖታይፕ ምጥጥን ይሰጣሉ፤ ይህም ከመንደል 3:1 ይለያል።

ከGrade 11 Biology፣ ገጽ 113-179 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የኮዶን አይነትየmRNA ቤዝ ትሪፕሌትተግባር
Start codonAUGtranslationን ያስጀምራል እንዲሁም ለMethionine code ያደርጋል
Stop codonsUAG, UAA, UGAየprotein synthesis termination (ማብቂያ) ይጠቁማሉ

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

የmRNA ኑክሊኦታይድ ቅደም ተከተልን ወደ አሚኖ አሲድ ለመቀየር ወይም የትራንስሌሽን ወሰኖችን ለመለየት ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

ስቶፕ ኮዶኖች (UAG, UAA, UGA) ምንም አይነት አሚኖ አሲድ አይወክሉም፦ ራይቦዞም ሲያገኛቸው ትራንስሌሽን ወዲያውኑ ይቆማል።

ከGrade 11 Biology፣ ገጽ 113-179 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

መቼ እንደሚጠቀሙበት

ዶሚናንት ፊኖታይፕ ያለው ግለሰብ ሆሞዛይገስ ዶሚናንት ወይም ሄትሮዛይገስ መሆኑን ለማረጋገጥ ይጠቀሙበት።

ይጠንቀቁ

የማይታወቀውን ግለሰብ ሁልጊዜ ከሆሞዛይገስ ሪሴሲቭ ግለሰብ ጋር ብቻ ማዳቀል ያስፈልጋል። ማናቸውም ዝርያዎች ሪሴሲቭ ባህሪ ካሳዩ ወላጁ ሄትሮዛይገስ ነው።

ከGrade 11 Biology፣ ገጽ 113-179 የተዘጋጀ፤ ከመውጣቱ በፊት ሁለት ጊዜ ተረጋግጧል

የምዕራፍ 4 የመልመጃ ጥያቄዎች

በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ የተጻፉ 10 የምርጫ ጥያቄዎች፣ እያንዳንዳቸው መልሱና ምክንያቱ አላቸው። መልሱን ከመክፈትዎ በፊት ይሞክሩ። ጥያቄዎቹ በእንግሊዝኛ ናቸው።

ጥያቄ 1

Which two nitrogenous bases belong to the purine family in a DNA molecule?

  1. A.Adenine and Guanine
  2. B.Cytosine and Thymine
  3. C.Adenine and Thymine
  4. D.Guanine and Cytosine
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Adenine and Guanine

ምክንያቱ

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines, while Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are pyrimidines.

ጥያቄ 2

Which enzyme is responsible for adding new nucleotides to a growing strand during DNA replication?

  1. A.DNA ligase
  2. B.DNA polymerase
  3. C.Topoisomerase
  4. D.RNA primase
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B DNA polymerase

ምክንያቱ

DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to a growing DNA strand in the correct sequence using the template strand.

ጥያቄ 3

During which stage of interphase does DNA replication take place?

  1. A.G1 phase
  2. B.G0 phase
  3. C.S phase
  4. D.G2 phase
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C S phase

ምክንያቱ

The S phase (synthesis phase) is the period of interphase when DNA replicates to form sister chromatids.

ጥያቄ 4

Which codon serves as the start or initiator codon for protein synthesis?

  1. A.UAA
  2. B.UAG
  3. C.UGA
  4. D.AUG
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ D AUG

ምክንያቱ

AUG is the start codon that initiates protein synthesis. UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons.

ጥያቄ 5

During which step of mitosis do sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles?

  1. A.Prophase
  2. B.Metaphase
  3. C.Anaphase
  4. D.Telophase
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Anaphase

ምክንያቱ

In anaphase, the centromeres split and spindle fibers pull the separated sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell.

ጥያቄ 6

In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur between non-sister chromatids?

  1. A.Prophase I
  2. B.Metaphase I
  3. C.Anaphase I
  4. D.Prophase II
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ A Prophase I

ምክንያቱ

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata to exchange genetic material (crossing over) during prophase I of meiosis.

ጥያቄ 7

When Gregor Mendel self-crossed heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt x Tt), what phenotypic ratio appeared in the F2 generation?

  1. A.1 tall : 3 short
  2. B.3 tall : 1 short
  3. C.1 tall : 2 short
  4. D.9 tall : 3 short
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B 3 tall : 1 short

ምክንያቱ

Crossing Tt with Tt produces 3 tall plants (TT and Tt) for every 1 short plant (tt), giving a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.

ጥያቄ 8

A farmer in Wollo crosses a red shorthorn cow with a white shorthorn bull. All the offspring show a roan coat color where both red and white hairs are expressed. What type of inheritance is this?

  1. A.Complete dominance
  2. B.Incomplete dominance
  3. C.Codominance
  4. D.Sex determination
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C Codominance

ምክንያቱ

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote express themselves equally at the same time, producing the roan coat pattern.

ጥያቄ 9

A student in Addis Ababa wants to find the genotype of a pea plant with purple flowers (dominant trait, P). To perform a test cross, what should this plant be crossed with, and what result proves it is heterozygous (Pp)?

  1. A.Cross with a homozygous dominant plant (PP); all offspring have purple flowers.
  2. B.Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); offspring show a 1:1 ratio of purple to white flowers.
  3. C.Cross with a heterozygous plant (Pp); all offspring have white flowers.
  4. D.Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); all offspring have purple flowers.
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ B Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); offspring show a 1:1 ratio of purple to white flowers.

ምክንያቱ

A test cross involves breeding with a homozygous recessive individual (pp). If the parent is heterozygous (Pp), half the offspring will be purple (Pp) and half will be white (pp), a 1:1 ratio.

ጥያቄ 10

According to the law of independent assortment, what four types of gametes are produced by a dihybrid plant with the genotype YyRr?

  1. A.YY, yy, RR, rr
  2. B.Yy, Rr, YR, yr
  3. C.YR, Yr, yR, yr
  4. D.YY, YR, yr, rr
መልሱንና ምክንያቱን ያሳዩ

መልስ፦ C YR, Yr, yR, yr

ምክንያቱ

Because the alleles for each gene sort independently into gametes, each gamete receives one allele from each gene pair, giving four equal possibilities: YR, Yr, yR, and yr.

መተግበሪያው በዚህ ምዕራፍ ላይ 12 ጥያቄዎች አሉት፤ እየሠሩ ያርምዎታል። እዚህ ያሉት የመጀመሪያዎቹ 10 ናቸው።

የምዕራፍ 4 የመፅሐፍ ገጾች

ምዕራፍ 4 በየትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም ከገጽ 113 እስከ ገጽ 179 ይደርሳል።

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር እትም, እንግሊዝኛ, 294 ገጾች

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ሁሉም የ11ኛ ክፍል ባዮሎጂ አጭር ማስታወሻዎች

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