Bu'aan kutaa 12ffaa ba'eera; bu'aa kee eessatti akka ilaaltu

Yaadannoo boqonnaa fi gaaffii shaakalaa

Boqonnaa 4 Baayoloojii kutaa 11

Wanti fuula kana irra jiru hundi boqonnaa 4 kitaaba Baayoloojii kutaa 11 tiif: wanta boqonnaan haguugu, yaadannoo gabaabaa, gaaffii shaakalaa deebii isaanii waliin, fi viidiyoo barnootaa bakka jirutti.

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4
Kaardii
10
Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4
113–179
Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 maal haguuga

  1. 1.The genetic materials
  2. 2.The structure and function of DNA and RNA
  3. 3.The Structure and function of DNA
  4. 4.3DNA replication
  5. 5.2The structure and function of RNA
  6. 6.The process of cell division
  7. 7.1Cell Division
  8. 8.Protein synthesis
  9. 9.Mendelian inheritance
  10. 10.1Mendelian crosses
  11. 11.2Monohybrid cross
  12. 12.3Dihybrid Cross
  13. 13.4Test Crosses
  14. 14.Sex determination
  15. 15.Non-Mendelian inheritance
  16. 16.1Co-dominance, Incomplete dominance and Multiple alleles
  17. 17.2Rh factor inheritance in humans and its medical importance
  18. 18.3Sex-linked inheritance in humans
  19. 19.4Environmental effects on phenotype
  20. 20.Human pedigree analysis and its importance

Yaadannoo gabaabaa boqonnaa 4

Kaardiiwwan fuula Baayoloojii kutaa 11 irratti boqonnaa kana jala galmaa'an. Tokko tokkoon bani.

InzaayimiiHojii
DNA helicaseDNA strands lamaan hiika akkasumas gargar baasa
DNA polymeraseKallattii 5' to 3' tiin strand guddataa jiruuf complementary nucleotides dabala
RNA primaseDNA strand wajjin complementary kan ta'an RNA primers qopheessa
DNA ligasePhosphodiester bonds uumuun DNA fragments walitti qabsiisa
TopoisomeraseReplication fork dura supercoiling akka hin uumamne ittisa

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Hojiiwwan inzaayimoota yeroo kutaalee marsaa seelii S keessatti reppilikeeshinii DNA gaggeessan yaadachuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

DNA poolimeereesii ofiin qofa ijaarsa jalqabuu hin danda'u: qophii duraa RNA barbaada, akkasumas kallattii 5' gara 3' qofatti dheeressa.

Grade 11 Biology, fuula 113-179 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gosa TumaaJiinootaayippii WarraaReeshoo FiinootaayippiiReeshoo Jiinootaayippii
Monohybrid F2Tt×TtTt \times Tt3:11:2:1
Dihybrid F2RrYy×RrYyRrYy \times RrYy9:3:3:11:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
Test cross (Heterozygous)Pp×ppPp \times pp1:11:1
Incomplete/Codominance F2RW×RWRW \times RW1:2:11:2:1

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Reeshoowwan fiinootaayippii fi jiinootaayippii tumaa moonoohaayibriidii, daayihaayibriidii fi qorannoo tumaaf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Tumaan guutuu hin taanee fi koo-doomiinaansiin dhaloota F2 keessatti reeshoo fiinootaayippii fi jiinootaayippii walfakkaataa 1:2:1 kenna, kunis reeshoo Meendeel 3:1 irraa adda.

Grade 11 Biology, fuula 113-179 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gosa KoodoniiSadaffaa Bu'uura mRNAHojii
Start codonAUGtranslation jalqabsiisa akkasumas Methionine code godha
Stop codonsUAG, UAA, UGAprotein synthesis xumuramuu (termination) agarsiisu

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Tartiiba niwukilootaayidii mRNA gara hidhaa amiinoo asiidiitti jijjiiruuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Koodonoonni dhaabinsaa (UAG, UAA, UGA) amiinoo asiidii hin qaban: yeroo raayiboosoomiin isaan argu tiraanisleshiniin ni dhaabbata.

Grade 11 Biology, fuula 113-179 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Yoom akka itti fayyadamtu

Qaamni fiinootaayippii doomiinaantii qabu hoomoozaayigasii yookiin heetiroozaayigasii ta'uu isaa mirkaneessuuf itti fayyadamaa.

Of eeggadhu

Yeroo hunda qaama hin beekamne sana hoomoozaayigasii reesasiivii waliin wal-simatee ilaalama. Dhaloota keessatti amalli reesasiivii yoo mul'ate, warri heetiroozaayigasiidha.

Grade 11 Biology, fuula 113-179 irraa qophaa'e; osoo hin ba'in dura yeroo lama mirkanaa'e

Gaaffii shaakalaa boqonnaa 4

Gaaffii filannoo 10 boqonnaa kana irratti barreeffaman, tokkoon tokkoon isaanii deebii fi sababa qabu. Deebii banuu dura yaali. Gaaffiin kun Ingiliffaa tiin.

Gaaffii 1

Which two nitrogenous bases belong to the purine family in a DNA molecule?

  1. A.Adenine and Guanine
  2. B.Cytosine and Thymine
  3. C.Adenine and Thymine
  4. D.Guanine and Cytosine
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Adenine and Guanine

Sababa

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines, while Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are pyrimidines.

Gaaffii 2

Which enzyme is responsible for adding new nucleotides to a growing strand during DNA replication?

  1. A.DNA ligase
  2. B.DNA polymerase
  3. C.Topoisomerase
  4. D.RNA primase
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B DNA polymerase

Sababa

DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to a growing DNA strand in the correct sequence using the template strand.

Gaaffii 3

During which stage of interphase does DNA replication take place?

  1. A.G1 phase
  2. B.G0 phase
  3. C.S phase
  4. D.G2 phase
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C S phase

Sababa

The S phase (synthesis phase) is the period of interphase when DNA replicates to form sister chromatids.

Gaaffii 4

Which codon serves as the start or initiator codon for protein synthesis?

  1. A.UAA
  2. B.UAG
  3. C.UGA
  4. D.AUG
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: D AUG

Sababa

AUG is the start codon that initiates protein synthesis. UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons.

Gaaffii 5

During which step of mitosis do sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles?

  1. A.Prophase
  2. B.Metaphase
  3. C.Anaphase
  4. D.Telophase
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Anaphase

Sababa

In anaphase, the centromeres split and spindle fibers pull the separated sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell.

Gaaffii 6

In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur between non-sister chromatids?

  1. A.Prophase I
  2. B.Metaphase I
  3. C.Anaphase I
  4. D.Prophase II
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: A Prophase I

Sababa

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata to exchange genetic material (crossing over) during prophase I of meiosis.

Gaaffii 7

When Gregor Mendel self-crossed heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt x Tt), what phenotypic ratio appeared in the F2 generation?

  1. A.1 tall : 3 short
  2. B.3 tall : 1 short
  3. C.1 tall : 2 short
  4. D.9 tall : 3 short
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B 3 tall : 1 short

Sababa

Crossing Tt with Tt produces 3 tall plants (TT and Tt) for every 1 short plant (tt), giving a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.

Gaaffii 8

A farmer in Wollo crosses a red shorthorn cow with a white shorthorn bull. All the offspring show a roan coat color where both red and white hairs are expressed. What type of inheritance is this?

  1. A.Complete dominance
  2. B.Incomplete dominance
  3. C.Codominance
  4. D.Sex determination
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C Codominance

Sababa

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote express themselves equally at the same time, producing the roan coat pattern.

Gaaffii 9

A student in Addis Ababa wants to find the genotype of a pea plant with purple flowers (dominant trait, P). To perform a test cross, what should this plant be crossed with, and what result proves it is heterozygous (Pp)?

  1. A.Cross with a homozygous dominant plant (PP); all offspring have purple flowers.
  2. B.Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); offspring show a 1:1 ratio of purple to white flowers.
  3. C.Cross with a heterozygous plant (Pp); all offspring have white flowers.
  4. D.Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); all offspring have purple flowers.
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: B Cross with a homozygous recessive plant (pp); offspring show a 1:1 ratio of purple to white flowers.

Sababa

A test cross involves breeding with a homozygous recessive individual (pp). If the parent is heterozygous (Pp), half the offspring will be purple (Pp) and half will be white (pp), a 1:1 ratio.

Gaaffii 10

According to the law of independent assortment, what four types of gametes are produced by a dihybrid plant with the genotype YyRr?

  1. A.YY, yy, RR, rr
  2. B.Yy, Rr, YR, yr
  3. C.YR, Yr, yR, yr
  4. D.YY, YR, yr, rr
Deebii fi sababa agarsiisi

Deebii: C YR, Yr, yR, yr

Sababa

Because the alleles for each gene sort independently into gametes, each gamete receives one allele from each gene pair, giving four equal possibilities: YR, Yr, yR, and yr.

Appiin boqonnaa kana irratti gaaffii 12 qaba; utuu hojjettuu ni sirreessa. Kan asii jiran 10 jalqabaa ti.

Fuula kitaabaa boqonnaa 4

Boqonnaan 4 Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa keessatti fuula 113 hanga fuula 179 ti.

Maxxansa Ministeera Barnootaa, Ingiliffaa, Fuula 294

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Yaadannoo gabaabaa Baayoloojii kutaa 11 hunda

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