Grade 12 History unit 2: Africa and the Colonial Experience (1880s - 1960s)

According to the textbook, palm oil became West Africa's major export item by the middle of the nineteenth century as agricultural commodities replaced the trade in slaves.

Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany, invited the European powers to Berlin and initiated the Berlin Conference in 1884.

The textbook states that Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II defeated the Italian army at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, remaining an independent nation.

Muhammad Ahmad was a Muslim holy man from Dongola who declared himself the expected Mahdi in 1881 and started the Mahadist rebellion.

Article 36 stated that European powers had to notify each other when claiming African territory and that subsequent effective occupation was required for the claim to remain valid.

Samori Toure proclaimed himself the leader of the Wassoulou Empire in 1878 and made the town of Bissandugu his capital.

Osei Tutu, the Asantehene from 1701 to 1717, created the Golden Stool, which represented the ancestors and legitimized his royal dynasty.

The Maji-Maji rebellion was a widespread uprising by the people of Tanganyika against German colonial administration and forced cotton farming.

Urabi Pasha's death sentence was commuted to banishment for life, and he was sent to Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka) on December 28, 1882.

Frederick Lugard published The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa in 1922 to describe the indirect rule system he worked out in Northern Nigeria.