Unit notes and practice questions
Everything here is for unit 4 of the Grade 10 Citizenship textbook: what the chapter covers, the short notes, practice questions with their answers, and the lesson video where one exists.
The cards filed under this chapter on the Grade 10 Citizenship page. Open one at a time.
When you use it
Use when identifying the operational characteristics that distinguish customary dispute institutions from formal courts.
Watch out
Customary mechanisms rely on voluntary consensus, public participation, and clan compensation, rather than formal physical punishment or state imprisonment.
Drafted from Grade 10 Citizenship Education, pages 90-110, then checked twice before it went up
| Indigenous Mechanism | Community |
|---|---|
| Makabanna | Afar |
| Shimagille | Amhara |
| Bayto | Tigray |
| Jarsumma | Oromo |
| Seera | Sidama, Hadiya, Halaba, Kembata |
| Xeer | Somali |
| Korefinie | Gamo |
| Ye Joka | Gurage |
When you use it
Use when matching Ethiopian ethnic groups to their specific customary conflict resolution institutions.
Watch out
Do not confuse Seera (practiced jointly by Sidama, Hadiya, Halaba, and Kembata) with single community institutions like Ye Joka or Makabanna.
Drafted from Grade 10 Citizenship Education, pages 90-110, then checked twice before it went up
| Dimension | Negative Peace | Positive Peace |
|---|---|---|
| Core definition | Absence of direct violence or war | Presence of justice and harmony |
| Root causes | Unaddressed and tension remains beneath | Eliminated and resolved non-violently |
| Primary focus | Crisis management and containment | Meeting human needs and social equality |
When you use it
Use when contrasting the mere absence of open conflict with sustainable, justice-based peace.
Watch out
Absence of active war does not mean positive peace: negative peace often exists without justice while tension remains under the surface.
Drafted from Grade 10 Citizenship Education, pages 90-110, then checked twice before it went up
10 multiple-choice questions written against this chapter, each with its answer and the reason. Try one before you open the answer.
Question 1
Which type of peace is defined as a state of calm and peacefulness of mind that arises from having no mental disturbances such as worry, anxiety, greed, or hatred?
Answer: A Internal peace
Why
Internal peace (also called inner peace or peace of mind) is peace within oneself, free from mental disturbances like worry, anxiety, hatred, and delusion.
Question 2
According to the textbook, which indigenous conflict resolution mechanism belongs to the Afar people?
Answer: A Makabanna
Why
In Ethiopia, the Afar people practice Makabanna as their indigenous conflict resolution mechanism.
Question 3
How is negative peace defined in the textbook?
Answer: A Peace without justice, defined as the absence of direct violence
Why
Negative peace is defined as a peace without justice. It represents a false sense of peace where direct violence is absent, but tensions remain unresolved beneath the surface.
Question 4
In traditional Ethiopian conflict resolution processes, what main role do elders serve during negotiations?
Answer: A Facilitators or negotiators
Why
Elders serve as facilitators or negotiators during the resolution process because of their age, cultural knowledge, and community status.
Question 5
Under indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms, how is responsibility for harm usually viewed?
Answer: B It rests with the broader social grouping such as the family or clan
Why
Indigenous mechanisms practice group-based responsibility, where the family or clan shares responsibility and assists in paying required compensation.
Question 6
Which of the following actions is an emphasis of efforts to achieve positive peace?
Answer: A Eliminating root causes of injustice and meeting basic human needs
Why
Efforts to achieve positive peace focus on addressing the root causes of violence, achieving social justice, and fulfilling basic human needs.
Question 7
Which indigenous conflict resolution institution is practiced by the Gurage community?
Answer: A Ye Joka
Why
The Gurage community uses Ye Joka as its indigenous conflict resolution institution.
Question 8
According to the textbook, how does the absence of peace negatively affect economic development?
Answer: A It diverts public resources from health and education to military spending
Why
When peace is absent, governments and competing groups divert vital financial resources away from social services like health and education toward military expenditures.
Question 9
Unlike formal court systems that use state coercive force, what do indigenous conflict resolution institutions primarily rely on to enforce decisions?
Answer: A Social pressure and exclusion from the community
Why
Indigenous institutions lack coercive state instruments (like police or prisons) and instead depend on social pressure and community exclusion to ensure compliance.
Question 10
Why are indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms described as context specific?
Answer: A Approaches vary because each community has its own specific history, custom, and culture
Why
They are context specific because there is no single general principle; each institution reflects the distinctive custom, culture, and history of its specific society.
The app holds 12 questions on this unit, marked as you go. These are the first 10.
Unit 4 runs from page 90 to page 110 of the Ministry of Education edition.
Ministry of Education edition, English, 222 pages
Temari turns this chapter into timed practice and marks it as you go, with an AI tutor to explain anything that did not land.
Start free
Temari.et is also an Android app, free on Google Play.
