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Unit notes and practice questions

Grade 10 History unit 8: Post- 1991 Developments in Ethiopia

Everything here is for unit 8 of the Grade 10 History textbook: what the chapter covers, the short notes, practice questions with their answers, and the lesson video where one exists.

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2
Cards
10
Practice questions on unit 8
194–209
The textbook pages for unit 8

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The Temari lesson on unit 8

A short video lesson on this chapter, made by Temari. It loads only when you press play.

The Nile agreements, and who they left out · 4 min · 2 past exam questions worked through

Parts of the lesson

Tap a part to play the lesson from there.

What unit 8 covers

  1. 1.Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE)
  2. 2.The 1991 Transitional Charter and the Formation of TGE
  3. 3.The 1995 Constitution and the Formation of the FDRE
  4. 4.Hydro-Political History of the Nile(Abay) Basin
  5. 5.Development Issues & Challenges of Democratization

Short notes for unit 8

The cards filed under this chapter on the Grade 10 History page. Open one at a time.

Agreement or InitiativeSignatoriesKey Terms and Upstream Status
1929 AgreementGreat Britain (for Sudan) and EgyptGave Egypt veto power over upstream Nile projects; excluded all upper riparian states.
1959 AgreementEgypt and SudanAllocated 55.5 billion m^3 to Egypt and 18.5 billion m^3 to Sudan; ignored Ethiopia (which contributes 86% of the water).
1999 Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)All Nile Basin riparian statesEstablished an all-inclusive basin-wide forum in Dar es Salaam on February 22, 1999 for equitable and sustainable water development.

When you use it

Use when identifying major historical treaties, water quotas, and cooperative frameworks on the Nile River.

Watch out

Neither the 1929 nor the 1959 agreement included upstream countries. Ethiopia supplies roughly 86% of the Nile waters through the Blue Nile and Tekkeze rivers but was excluded from both allocations.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 194-210, then checked twice before it went up

FeatureTransitional Period (1991 to 1995)FDRE (1995 Constitution)
Legal framework1991 Transitional Charter1995 Constitution (106 articles in 11 chapters)
Administrative divisions14 self-governing regions9 regional states and 2 city administrations
Legislative and representative bodies87-member Council of RepresentativesHouse of Peoples' Representatives (HPR) and House of Federation (HoF)
Constitutional interpretationCouncil of RepresentativesHouse of Federation (HoF, Article 62)

When you use it

Use when comparing the transitional administration of Ethiopia with the permanent FDRE constitutional system.

Watch out

Do not attribute the power of constitutional interpretation to the Supreme Court. Under the 1995 Constitution, Article 62 explicitly assigns this power to the House of Federation.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 194-210, then checked twice before it went up

Practice questions on unit 8

10 multiple-choice questions written against this chapter, each with its answer and the reason. Try one before you open the answer.

Question 1

Who served as the mediator at the May 1991 London Conference between the Ethiopian government and insurgent groups?

  1. A.Herman Cohen
  2. B.Tesfaye Dinka
  3. C.Isaias Afwerki
  4. D.Lencho Letta
Show the answer and why

Answer: A Herman Cohen

Why

The May 1991 London Conference was sponsored by the United States, and the United States Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Herman Cohen, served as the mediator.

Question 2

How many articles and chapters make up the 1995 Federal Constitution of Ethiopia?

  1. A.87 articles in 9 chapters
  2. B.106 articles in 11 chapters
  3. C.547 articles in 14 chapters
  4. D.31 articles in 7 chapters
Show the answer and why

Answer: B 106 articles in 11 chapters

Why

The 1995 Federal Constitution of Ethiopia is a document containing 106 articles arranged across 11 chapters.

Question 3

According to the textbook, what percentage of the annual water volume of the Nile is contributed by Ethiopia?

  1. A.14 percent
  2. B.55.5 percent
  3. C.86 percent
  4. D.70 percent
Show the answer and why

Answer: C 86 percent

Why

Ethiopia contributes about 86 percent of the annual flow of the Nile River through its tributaries such as the Blue Nile (Abbay) and Tekkeze (Atbara).

Question 4

Which regional state is the smallest in land area in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia?

  1. A.Harari State
  2. B.Gambella State
  3. C.Afar State
  4. D.Benishangul-Gumuz State
Show the answer and why

Answer: A Harari State

Why

Harari State is the smallest regional state, covering an area of only 340 square kilometers.

Question 5

How many members composed the Council of Representatives established by the 1991 Transitional Charter?

  1. A.547 members
  2. B.17 members
  3. C.14 members
  4. D.87 members
Show the answer and why

Answer: D 87 members

Why

The Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE) was established with an 87-member Council of Representatives and a 17-member Council of Ministers.

Question 6

Under the 1995 FDRE Constitution, which institution is given the ultimate power of constitutional interpretation?

  1. A.The Federal Supreme Court
  2. B.The House of Federation (HoF)
  3. C.The House of Peoples' Representatives (HPR)
  4. D.The Council of Ministers
Show the answer and why

Answer: B The House of Federation (HoF)

Why

Under Article 62 of the 1995 Constitution, the main task of the House of Federation (HoF) is constitutional interpretation.

Question 7

Alongside the nine regional states, which two city administrations were established under the 1995 constitutional framework?

  1. A.Addis Ababa and Hawassa
  2. B.Harar and Jimma
  3. C.Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa
  4. D.Dire Dawa and Bahir Dar
Show the answer and why

Answer: C Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa

Why

The 1995 federal arrangement divided Ethiopia into nine ethno-national states and two chartered city administrations: Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.

Question 8

Under the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement between Egypt and Sudan, how much annual water volume was granted to Egypt?

  1. A.18.5 billion cubic meters
  2. B.4 billion cubic meters
  3. C.74 billion cubic meters
  4. D.55.5 billion cubic meters
Show the answer and why

Answer: D 55.5 billion cubic meters

Why

The 1959 Agreement allocated 55.5 billion cubic meters per annum to Egypt and 18.5 billion cubic meters to Sudan, completely ignoring upper riparian states.

Question 9

In the 2005 Ethiopian general election, approximately how many parliamentary seats out of 547 were won by opposition coalitions?

  1. A.173 seats
  2. B.32 seats
  3. C.87 seats
  4. D.200 seats
Show the answer and why

Answer: A 173 seats

Why

In the 2005 election, opposition alliances such as CUD and UEDF made major gains, winning up to 173 out of the 547 seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives.

Question 10

Where does the Blue Nile (Gilgel Abbay) originate before flowing into Lake Tana?

  1. A.From the Semien Mountains near Gallabat
  2. B.From the highlands of Western Gojjam in Sekela kebele
  3. C.From the headstreams flowing into Lake Victoria
  4. D.From the eastern escarpment of the Rift Valley
Show the answer and why

Answer: B From the highlands of Western Gojjam in Sekela kebele

Why

The Blue Nile originates in the highlands of Western Gojjam from a kebele named Sekela, located about 100 km south of Lake Tana, where it initially carries the name Gilgel Abbay.

The app holds 12 questions on this unit, marked as you go. These are the first 10.

The textbook pages for unit 8

Unit 8 runs from page 194 to page 209 of the Ministry of Education edition.

Ministry of Education edition, English, 243 pages

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All Grade 10 History short notes

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