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Unit notes and practice questions

Grade 10 History unit 7: Africa Since 1960

Everything here is for unit 7 of the Grade 10 History textbook: what the chapter covers, the short notes, practice questions with their answers, and the lesson video where one exists.

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3
Cards
10
Practice questions on unit 7
170–193
The textbook pages for unit 7

What unit 7 covers

  1. 1.Rise of Independent States in Africa
  2. 2.National Liberation Movements in North Africa
  3. 3.National Liberation Movements in West Africa
  4. 4.National Liberation Movements in East and Central Africa
  5. 5.National Liberation Movements in Southern Africa
  6. 6.Apartheid in South Africa
  7. 7.Pan-Africanism and the OAU
  8. 8.Successes and Failures of the OAU
  9. 9.Struggle for Economic Independence
  10. 10.Major Issues in Contemporary Africa

Short notes for unit 7

The cards filed under this chapter on the Grade 10 History page. Open one at a time.

CountryColonial or Settler PowerLiberation Movement or LeaderIndependence
AlgeriaFranceFLN (Ahmed Ben Bella)1962
KenyaBritainMau Mau, KANU (Jomo Kenyatta)1963
ZimbabweBritish white minority (Ian Smith UDI)ZANU (Mugabe) and ZAPU (Nkomo)1980
NamibiaSouth Africa (Mandate rule)SWAPO1990
South AfricaAfrikaner National Party (Apartheid)ANC (Nelson Mandela)1994

When you use it

Use this to identify African territories where large white settler populations resisted majority rule, compelling nationalists to wage armed guerrilla struggles.

Watch out

Do not treat Ian Smith's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Southern Rhodesia as genuine independence. Genuine majority rule was established in 1980 as Zimbabwe.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

GroupKey MembersCore Political Vision
Casablanca Group (1961)Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, Algerian GPRAStrong continental political union (United States of Africa), centralized planning, common defence
Monrovia Group (1961)Brazzaville group (Francophone), Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, EthiopiaLoose confederation of sovereign states, voluntary economic and cultural cooperation

When you use it

Use this to compare the two rival ideological blocs that debated the nature of continental integration before founding the OAU in May 1963.

Watch out

Do not confuse the two political approaches. Casablanca demanded an immediate single political union, while Monrovia favored gradual cooperation among sovereign independent states.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

CommunityAcronymFormationGeographic Scope
Common Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaCOMESA1994 (replacing 1981 PTA)21 states from Tunisia to Eswatini
Economic Community of West African StatesECOWAS197515 West African states
Intergovernmental Authority on DevelopmentIGAD1986Horn of Africa and East Africa (7 states)
Southern African Development CommunitySADC1980Southern African states

When you use it

Use this to match African regional economic blocs (RECs) with their formation timelines, regional scopes, and member configurations.

Watch out

Do not confuse COMESA with SADC. COMESA replaced the 1981 Preferential Trade Area in 1994 and stretches all the way from North Africa to Southern Africa.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

Practice questions on unit 7

10 multiple-choice questions written against this chapter, each with its answer and the reason. Try one before you open the answer.

Question 1

Which French West African colony rejected membership in the French Community by voting NO in the 1958 referendum?

  1. A.Senegal
  2. B.Guinea
  3. C.Niger
  4. D.Mali
Show the answer and why

Answer: B Guinea

Why

In the 1958 referendum organized by Charles De Gaulle, Guinea under the leadership of Sekou Toure voted NO and became an independent republic on October 2, 1958.

Question 2

In May 1963, leaders from 32 African nations convened to found the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in which capital city?

  1. A.Cairo
  2. B.Accra
  3. C.Addis Ababa
  4. D.Dakar
Show the answer and why

Answer: C Addis Ababa

Why

Delegates from 32 independent African nations met between May 22 and 25, 1963, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to establish the OAU.

Question 3

Who became the first president of independent Kenya in 1963 after leading the national liberation struggle?

  1. A.Milton Obote
  2. B.Jomo Kenyatta
  3. C.Julius Nyerere
  4. D.Kenneth Kaunda
Show the answer and why

Answer: B Jomo Kenyatta

Why

Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of the Kenya African National Union (KANU) and became Kenya's first president when the country attained independence in 1963.

Question 4

What incident on March 21, 1960, in South Africa resulted in the death of 72 peaceful demonstrators protesting against apartheid laws?

  1. A.The Sharpeville massacre
  2. B.The Soweto uprising
  3. C.The Robben Island clash
  4. D.The Pretoria riot
Show the answer and why

Answer: A The Sharpeville massacre

Why

The Sharpeville massacre occurred on March 21, 1960, when police opened fire on peaceful, unarmed protesters, killing 72 and wounding around 186 people.

Question 5

In 1964, the nation of Tanzania was formed through the unification of Tanganyika with which island state?

  1. A.Madagascar
  2. B.Mauritius
  3. C.Seychelles
  4. D.Zanzibar
Show the answer and why

Answer: D Zanzibar

Why

Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and Zanzibar in 1963. In 1964, they joined together to create the United Republic of Tanzania.

Question 6

Which political party was created by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949 to spearhead the independence movement in the Gold Coast (Ghana)?

  1. A.United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
  2. B.Convention People's Party (CPP)
  3. C.National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC)
  4. D.Action Group (AG)
Show the answer and why

Answer: B Convention People's Party (CPP)

Why

Kwame Nkrumah broke away from the UGCC in 1949 to form the Convention People's Party (CPP), which led Ghana to independence in 1957.

Question 7

What was the primary difference in vision between the Casablanca Group and the Monrovia Group before the formation of the OAU?

  1. A.Casablanca favored a strong political union, while Monrovia favored a loose confederation.
  2. B.Casablanca supported European rule, while Monrovia demanded immediate armed revolution.
  3. C.Casablanca wanted regional trade blocs only, while Monrovia wanted a single continental army.
  4. D.Casablanca represented English-speaking states only, while Monrovia was exclusively French-speaking.
Show the answer and why

Answer: A Casablanca favored a strong political union, while Monrovia favored a loose confederation.

Why

The Casablanca Group favored strong political unification (a United States of Africa), whereas the Monrovia Group preferred a loose confederation based on voluntary economic and cultural cooperation.

Question 8

Which regional economic organization was established in December 1994, replacing the earlier Preferential Trade Area (PTA)?

  1. A.ECOWAS
  2. B.SADC
  3. C.COMESA
  4. D.IGAD
Show the answer and why

Answer: C COMESA

Why

The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) was established in December 1994 to replace the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) that had existed since 1981.

Question 9

In Nigeria before independence, the Action Group (AG) party was primarily based in which ethnic community and region?

  1. A.Fulbe-Hausa in the Northern region
  2. B.Igbo in the Eastern region
  3. C.Yoruba in the Western region
  4. D.Bakongo in the Southern region
Show the answer and why

Answer: C Yoruba in the Western region

Why

In Nigeria, political parties were organized along regional and ethnic lines: the Action Group (AG) in Yoruba country (Western region), NCNC in Igbo land (Eastern region), and NPC in Fulbe-Hausa country (Northern region).

Question 10

What action did the white minority regime led by Ian Smith take in Southern Rhodesia in 1965 to delay majority rule?

  1. A.Signed the Lancaster House Agreement
  2. B.Formed a coalition with ZANU and ZAPU
  3. C.Made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
  4. D.Transferred power to the United Nations trusteeship
Show the answer and why

Answer: C Made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)

Why

In 1965, Ian Smith issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) to preserve white minority rule, which sparked armed guerrilla warfare led by ZANU and ZAPU.

The app holds 12 questions on this unit, marked as you go. These are the first 10.

The textbook pages for unit 7

Unit 7 runs from page 170 to page 193 of the Ministry of Education edition.

Ministry of Education edition, English, 243 pages

Download the PDF

All Grade 10 History short notes

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