Unit notes and practice questions
Everything here is for unit 7 of the Grade 11 Economics textbook: what the chapter covers, the short notes, practice questions with their answers, and the lesson video where one exists.
The cards filed under this chapter on the Grade 11 Economics page. Open one at a time.
When you use it
Use when explaining the core mechanism linking agriculture and industrial development in Ethiopia's post-1991 development framework.
Watch out
ADLI treats agriculture not as a passive sector, but as the leading primary engine that feeds labor-intensive industrial growth through domestic raw materials and market demand.
Drafted from Grade 11 Economics, page 168 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when identifying the difference between early agricultural extension models introduced under the Imperial regime.
Watch out
Comprehensive projects (CADU, WADU) came first and provided intensive inputs but were too expensive to replicate nationwide. Minimum Package Projects were introduced later as a low-cost alternative covering wider geographical areas.
Drafted from Grade 11 Economics, page 168 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Regime | Agricultural Sector Strategy | Industrial Sector Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| Imperial (Pre-1974) | Commercial farms, package projects (CADU, WADU) | Import-substituting light consumer industries, foreign capital |
| Derg (1974 to 1991) | Land nationalization, state farms, forced cooperatives | Centrally planned, state ownership, private capital ceilings |
| Post-1991 | ADLI, PADETES extension, market liberalization | Export-led, labor-intensive industries, industrial parks |
When you use it
Use when outlining the shift in Ethiopia's agricultural and industrial policies from the Imperial era through the Derg to the post-1991 era.
Watch out
The Derg did not prioritize market incentives; it imposed price controls, quantitative import restrictions, and nationalized modern manufacturing and commercial farms.
Drafted from Grade 11 Economics, page 168 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Feature | Uni-modal Strategy | Bi-modal Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Target | Intensification of small-scale peasant farms | Dualistic: small peasant farms and commercial farms |
| Output Focus | Food crops for food security | Commercialization and high-value export crops |
| Land and Labor | Peasants retain land, reduces eviction | Allows land concentration, risks peasant eviction |
| Country Examples | Japan, Thailand, China | Mexico, Colombia |
When you use it
Use when comparing global approaches to agricultural transformation and their socioeconomic impacts on smallholder farmers.
Watch out
Do not confuse the two approaches: uni-modal protects smallholders from eviction and targets food security, while bi-modal promotes large-scale commercialization and risks creating landless rural labor.
Drafted from Grade 11 Economics, page 168 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
10 multiple-choice questions written against this chapter, each with its answer and the reason. Try one before you open the answer.
Question 1
What is the central concept of the uni-modal agricultural strategy?
Answer: B Achieving agricultural transformation through intensifying small-scale peasant farms
Why
The uni-modal agricultural strategy focuses on transforming agriculture through the intensification of small-scale peasant holdings while protecting farmers from eviction.
Question 2
Which comprehensive package project was established in the Chilalo area during the Imperial regime?
Answer: C CADU
Why
CADU stands for the Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit, which was established as part of the comprehensive package projects during the Imperial period.
Question 3
In which year did the Ethiopian government adopt the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy?
Answer: B 1994
Why
The government adopted the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy in 1994 to use agriculture as the driving engine for the rest of the economy.
Question 4
During the Derg regime, private investment in manufacturing was legally restricted to not exceed what amount?
Answer: B 500,000 Birr
Why
Under the military government, private investment was restricted to not exceed half a million Birr (500,000 Birr), and investors could participate in only one venture.
Question 5
Why was the minimum package program launched to substitute comprehensive package projects in the pre-1974 period?
Answer: A Comprehensive projects were too costly to duplicate across the entire country
Why
Comprehensive package projects (like CADU) had very high costs and led to tenant evictions, making them difficult to duplicate nationwide. The minimum package program was launched as a less costly alternative.
Question 6
Which agricultural extension system was launched in Ethiopia in 1994/95 to deliver fertilizer, improved seeds, and credit packages to smallholders?
Answer: C PADETES
Why
PADETES (Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System) was launched in 1994/95 to provide modern agricultural inputs, credit, and training to smallholder farmers.
Question 7
Which government legislation marked the major deregulation and liberalization of the freight transport industry in Ethiopia?
Answer: B Proclamation No. 14/1992
Why
Proclamation No. 14/1992 marked the major liberalization of the Ethiopian freight transport industry, allowing private operators to form independent transport associations.
Question 8
Which of the following was explicitly declared as a priority sector for direct government support under the 2003 Industrial Development Strategy (IDS)?
Answer: B Textile and garment, leather, and agro-processing industries
Why
The 2003 Industrial Development Strategy prioritized labor-intensive and export-oriented sectors, including textile and garment, leather and leather products, agro-processing, construction, and micro and small enterprises.
Question 9
Which of the following is identified in the textbook as a major limitation of the bi-modal agricultural strategy?
Answer: C It creates social differentiation and promotes the eviction of small peasants
Why
The bi-modal approach leads to social division between capitalist landowners and landless workers, often depriving smallholders of land and causing tenant evictions.
Question 10
Under the Imperial regime, what fiscal incentive was granted to Large-Scale Mechanized Commercial Farms for investments exceeding 200,000 Birr?
Answer: B Tax holidays for the first five years
Why
The Imperial government offered tax holidays for the first five years for commercial farm investments exceeding 200,000 Birr, along with low land-use fees and duty-free machinery imports.
The app holds 12 questions on this unit, marked as you go. These are the first 10.
The whole Grade 11 Economics textbook, free as a PDF.
Ministry of Education edition, English, 202 pages
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